Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1989"

Fourth Generation Evaluation

Abstract: The Coming of Age of Evaluation What Is Fourth Generation Evaluation? Why Should We Choose to Practice It? What Is this Constructivist Paradigm Anyway? Ethics and Politics The Twin Failures of Positivist Science Constructions and Reconstructions of Realities Paradigms and Methodologies The Methodology of Fourth Generation Evaluations Judging the Quality of Fourth Generation Evaluation Putting It All Together so that It Spells E-V-A-L-U-A-T-I-O-N

An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context

Abstract: Recent research has identified attitude toward the ad (AAd) as an important construct mediating the effects of advertising on brand attitude and purchase intention. To date, however, little attenti...

The cycle of violence

Abstract: Despite widespread belief that violence begets violence, methodological problems substantially restrict knowledge of the long-term consequences of childhood victimization. Empirical evidence for this cycle of violence has been examined. Findings from a cohort study show that being abused or neglected as a child increases one's risk for delinquency, adult criminal behavior, and violent criminal behavior. However, the majority of abused and neglected children do not become delinquent, criminal, or violent. Caveats in interpreting these findings and their implications are discussed in this article.

Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior

Abstract: In this research we tested the relative importance of subjective appraisals of the job versus mood state in accounting for organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). A total of 369 individuals from two hospitals provided data concerning their typical mood state at work and appraisals of their jobs a

Phylogenetic Stains: Ribosomal RNA-Based Probes for the Identification of Single Cells

Abstract: Rapid phylogenetic identification of single microbial cells was achieved with a new staining method. Formaldehyde-fixed, intact cells were hybridized with fluorescently labeled oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and viewed by fluorescence microscopy. Because of the abundance of rRNA in cells, the binding of the fluorescent probes to individual cells is readily visualized. Phylogenetic identification is achieved by the use of oligonucleotides (length 17 to 34 nucleotides) that are complementary to phylogenetic group-specific 16S rRNA sequences. Appropriate probes can be composed of oligonucleotide sequences that distinguish between the primary kingdoms (eukaryotes, eubacteria, archaebacteria) and between closely related organisms. The simultaneous use of multiple probes, labeled with different fluorescent dyes, allows the identification of different cell types in the same microscopic field. Quantitative microfluorimetry shows that the amount of an rRNA-specific probe that binds to Escherichia coli varies with the ribosome content and therefore reflects growth rate.

Human umbilical cord blood as a potential source of transplantable hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate human umbilical cord blood as an alternative to bone marrow in the provision of transplantable stem/progenitor cells for hematopoietic reconstitution Although no direct quantitative assay for human hematopoietic repopulating cells is at present available, the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell (CFU-GM) assay has been used with success as a valid indicator of engrafting capability We examined greater than 100 collections of human umbilical cord blood for their content of nucleated cells and granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid (BFU-E), and multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells, in many cases both before and after cryopreservation First it was determined that granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and multipotential progenitor cells remained functionally viable in cord blood untreated except for addition of anticoagulant for at least 3 days at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C (room temperature), though not at 37 degrees C, implying that these cells could be satisfactorily studied and used or cryopreserved for therapy after transport of cord blood by overnight air freight carriage from a remote obstetrical service Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells from cord blood so received responded normally to stimulation by purified recombinant preparations of granulocyte-macrophage, granulocyte, and macrophage colony-stimulating factors and interleukin 3 The salient finding, based on analysis of 101 cord blood collections, is that the numbers of progenitor cells present in the low-density (less than 1077 gm/ml) fraction after Ficoll/Hypaque separation typically fell within the range that has been reported for successful engraftment by bone marrow cells Another observation of practical importance is that procedures to remove erythrocytes or granulocytes prior to freezing, and washing of thawed cells before plating, entailed large losses of progenitor cells, the yield of unwashed progenitor cells from unfractionated cord blood being many times greater The provisional inference is that human umbilical cord blood from a single individual is typically a sufficient source of cells for autologous (syngeneic) and for major histocompatibility complex-matched allogeneic hematopoietic reconstitution

Spontaneous Breaking of Lorentz Symmetry in String Theory

Abstract: The possibility of spontaneous breakdown of Lorentz symmetry in string theory is explored via covariant string field theory. A potential mechanism is suggested for the Lorentz breaking that may be generic in many string theories.

Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature.

Abstract: Critically examines the "violence breeds violence" hypothesis broadly defined. Organized into seven sections, the literature review includes (a) the abuse breeds abuse hypothesis; (b) reports of small numbers of violent/homicidal offenders; (c) studies examining the relationship of abuse and neglect to delinquency, (d) to violent behavior, and (e) to aggressive behavior in infants and young children; (f) abuse, withdrawal, and self-destructive behavior; and (g) studies of the impact of witnessing or observing violent behavior. A detailed discussion of methodological considerations and shortcomings precedes the review. The author concludes that existing knowledge of the long-term consequences of abusive home environments is limited and suggests that conclusions about the strength of the cycle of violence be tempered by the dearth of convincing empirical evidence. Recommendations are made for further research.

Variables Affecting Choice of Language Learning Strategies by University Students.

Abstract: Learning strategies are operations used by learners to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (52). Outside of the language learning field, research comparing experts to novices indicates that experts use more systematic and useful problem-solving and native-language reading comprehension strategies.2 A similar finding occurs with more successful language learners as compared to less successful ones.3 Better language learners generally use strategies appropriate to their own stage of learning, personality, age, purpose for learning the language, and type of language.4 Good language learners use a variety of learning strategies, including cognitive strategies for associating new information with existing information in long-term memory and for forming and revising internal mental models; metacognitive strategies for exercising "executive control" through planning, arranging, focusing, and evaluating their own learning process; social strategies for interacting with others and managing discourse; affective strategies for directing feelings, motivations, and attitudes related to learning; and compensation strategies (such as guessing unknown meanings while listening and reading, or using circumlocution in speaking and writing) for overcoming deficiencies in knowledge of the language." Appropriate learning strategies help explain the performance of good language learners; similarly, inappropriate learning strategies aid in understanding the frequent failures of poor language learners and even the occasional weaknesses of

The sociology of emotions

Abstract: Recent work in the sociology of emotions has gone beyond the development of concepts and broad perspectives to elaboration of theory and some empirical research. More work has been done at the micro-level than the macro-level of analysis. At both analytical levels, emotion most commonly is treated as a dependent variable, although increasingly, its role as an intervening and independent variable in social processes is being recognized, especially with regard to problems in substantive fields as diverse as gender roles, stress, small groups, social movements, and stratification. Considerable gaps exist in sociological knowledge about emotions; in particular, little is known about distribution of different emotional experiences in the population, the content of emotion culture, emotional socialization processes, emotional interactions, and relationships between social structure and emotion norms. More empirical research is necessary, to build on the theoretical groundwork that has been laid. Problems in measuring emotional experience and aspects of emotion culture have not been addressed and are likely to become critical issues as empirical work accumulates in the future.

Common amino acid sequence domains among the LEA proteins of higher plants.

Abstract: LEA proteins are late embryogenesis abundant in the seeds of many higher plants and are probably universal in occurrence in plant seeds. LEA mRNAs and proteins can be induced to appear at other stages in the plant's life by desiccation stress and/or treatment with the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). A role in protecting plant structures during water loss is likely for these proteins, with ABA functioning in the stress transduction process. Presented here are conserved tracts of amino acid sequence among LEA proteins from several species that may represent domains functionally important in desiccation protection. Curiously, an 11 amino acid sequence motif is found tandemly repeated in a group of LEA proteins of vastly different sizes. Analysis of this motif suggests that it exists as an amphiphilic α helix which may serve as the basis for higher order structure.

The Role of Attitude Accessibility in the Attitude-to-Behavior Process

Abstract: Attitudes toward a number of products and the accessibility of those attitudes as indicated by the latency of response to an attitudinal inquiry were assessed. Subjects with highly accessible attitudes toward a given product displayed greater attitude-behavior correspondence than did those with relatively less accessible attitudes. Furthermore, subjects with less accessible attitudes displayed more sensitivity to the salience afforded a product by its position in the front row, as opposed to the back row, than did subjects with more accessible attitudes. The implications of these data for a model of the process by which attitudes guide behavior are discussed.

Child abuse, neglect, and adult behavior: research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child abuse.

Abstract: Using a prospective cohorts design, a large sample of physical and sexual abuse cases was compared to a matched control group. Overall, abused and neglected subjects had higher rates than did controls for adult criminality and arrests for violent offenses, but not for adult arrests for child abuse or neglect. Findings are discussed in the context of intergenerational transmission of violence, and directions for future research are suggested.

Baseline Measurement of Bone Mass Predicts Fracture in White Women

Abstract: Excerpt Study Objective:To determine if a single bone mass measurement of the radius is predictive of future fractures at any site. Design:Observational study of a cohort of free-living subjects an...

Genotypes for aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol sensitivity. The inactive ALDH2(2) allele is dominant.

Abstract: Many Orientals lack the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) activity responsible for the oxidation of acetaldehyde produced during ethanol metabolism. These individuals suffer the alcohol-flush reaction when they drink alcoholic beverages. The alcohol-flush reaction is the result of excessive acetaldehyde accumulation, and the unpleasant symptoms tend to reduce alcohol consumption. The subunit of this homotetrameric enzyme was sequenced and the abnormality in the inactive enzyme shown to be a substitution of lysine for glutamate at position 487. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to determine the genotypes of 24 livers from Japanese individuals. Correlating genotype with phenotype leads to the conclusion that the allele (ALDH2(2)) encoding the abnormal subunit is dominant.

cDNA sequences of two inducible T-cell genes.

Abstract: We have previously described a set of human T-lymphocyte-specific cDNA clones isolated by a modified differential screening procedure. Apparent full-length cDNAs containing the sequences of 14 of the 16 initial isolates were sequenced and were found to represent five different species of mRNA; three of the five species were identical to previously reported cDNA sequences of preproenkephalin, T-cell-replacing factor, and a serine esterase, respectively. The other two species, 4-1BB and L2G25B, were inducible sequences found in mRNA from both a cytolytic T-lymphocyte and a helper T-lymphocyte clone and were not previously described in T-cell mRNA; these mRNA sequences encode peptides of 256 and 92 amino acids, respectively. Both peptides contain putative leader sequences. The protein encoded by 4-1BB also has a potential membrane anchor segment and other features also seen in known receptor proteins.

On Technical Analysis

Abstract: Technical analysis, or the use ofpastprices to infer private information, has value in a model in which prices are not fully revealing and traders have rational conjectures about the relation between prices and signals. A two-period dynamic model of equilibrium is used to demonstrate that rational investors use historical prices in forming their demands and to illustrate the sensitivity of the value of technical analysis to changes in the values of the exogenous parameters.

Some effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition

Abstract: The perceptual consequences of trial‐to‐trial changes in the voice of the talker on spoken word recognition were examined. The results from a series of experiments using perceptual identification and naming tasks demonstrated that perceptual performance decreases when the voice of the talker changes from trial to trial compared to performance when the voice on each trial remains the same. In addition, the effects of talker variability on word recognition appeared to be more robust and less dependent on task than the effects of word frequency and lexical structure. Possible hypotheses regarding the nature of the processes giving rise to these effects are discussed, with particular attention to the idea that the processing of information about the talker’s voice is intimately related to early perceptual processes that extract acoustic–phonetic information from the speech signal.

Child abuse, neglect, and violent criminal behavior*

Abstract: Using a prospective cohorts design, official criminal histories for a large sample of substantiated and validated cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect from the years 1967 through 1971 (n = 908) were compared with those of a matched control group (n = 667) of individuals with no official record of abuse or neglect. Abused and neglected subjects had higher rates of having an adult criminal record than controls and a larger number of arrests as an adult. Based on a logit analysis, a model using four explanatory variables (age, sex, race, and abuse/neglect status) provided a good fit. In comparison with controls, abused and neglected subjects also had a higher frequency of arrests for violent offenses as adults; however, this was due primarily to significantly more adult violent offenses by abused males. Support for the cycle of violence is discussed as well as sex differences in the results, limitations of the findings, and implications for further research.

Equilibrium loan pricing under the bank-client relationship

Abstract: We determine the loan interest rate policy of a lender who is better informed about a client than other potential lenders. The informational advantage possessed by the informed lender derives from the durability of information acquired as a result of an extant relationship. Given heterogeneous potential loan rate offers to the client by competitive lenders and client search costs, the incumbent lender's policy of loan interest rate offers is examined. We show that the optimal loan rate will exceed the incumbent lender's cost of funds and will exceed the average offer of competing lenders. The potential lenders will offer loan rates that are exceeded by their cost of funds, implying immediate losses in order to attract the client and to thereby earn expected profits in the future. Finally, we show that the expected remaining duration of a lender-client relationship is decreasing in the existing length of the relationship. Thus, clients that have been with a particular lender longer will be more likely to leave and establish a relationship with another lender.

Gravitational phenomenology in higher-dimensional theories and strings

Abstract: We investigate gravitational phenomenology in compactified higher-dimensional theories, with particular emphasis on the consequences in string theory of tensor-induced spontaneous Lorentz-symmetry breaking. The role played by this mechanism in causing a gravitational version of the Higgs effect and in compactification is explored. The experimental viability of compactified theories with zero modes is considered by examining nonleading but observable gravitational effects. Additional constraints from the observed cosmological properties of the Universe are uncovered. Our investigations significantly constrain many theories involving extra dimensions in their perturbative regime. To resolve the phenomenological difficulties one must generate masses for the higher-dimensional components of the metric while leaving massless the physical spacetime components. Some possibilities for overcoming this metric-mass problem are suggested. An open issue is whether the metric-mass problem is resolved in string theory.

Classical conditioning in rabbits using pontine nucleus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus and inferior olive stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus.

Abstract: Classical conditioning of skeletal muscle responses was accomplished by pairing microstimulation of the pontine nuclei as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with microstimulation of the dorsal accessory olive as an unconditioned stimulus (US). A conditioned response identical in form to the behavioral response elicited by the olivary stimulation was established when the CS was forward paired with the US, and behavioral extinction occurred with CS-alone presentations or unpaired CS-US presentations. Conditioned responding could not be established or maintained when the CS and US were simultaneously presented or when the US preceded the CS (i.e., backward paired). Complete lesions of the interpositus nucleus abolished both conditioned and unconditioned responses. These findings support the idea that plasticity associated with classical conditioning of skeletal muscle responses occurs in regions of the cerebellum that receive convergent CS and US input.

The post-Paleozoic chronology and mechanism of 13C depletion in primary marine organic matter.

Abstract: Carbon-isotopic compositions of geoporphyrins have been measured from marine sediments of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age in order to elucidate the timing and extent of depletion of 13C in marine primary producers. These results indicate that the difference in isotopic composition of coeval marine carbonates and marine primary photosynthate was approximately 5 to 7 permil greater during the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic than at present. In contrast to the isotopic record of marine primary producers, isotopic compositions of terrestrial organic materials have remained approximately constant for this same interval of time. This difference in the isotopic records of marine and terrestrial organic matter is considered in terms of the mechanisms controlling the isotopic fractionation associated with photosynthetic fixation of carbon. We show that the decreased isotopic fractionation between marine carbonates and organic matter from the Early to mid-Cenozoic may record variations in the abundance of atmospheric CO2.