Showing papers by "Karolinska Institutet published in 1978"
TL;DR: It was difficult to identify substance-P immunoreactive axons in the rats studied, and further experimental studies are necessary to elucidate the projections of the substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nervous system.
1,403 citations
TL;DR: Findings indicate that substance P and 5-HT may coexist not only in some cell bodies but also in axons and nerve endings in neurons of the lower medulla oblongata.
804 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that hip position and the contralateral step cycle phase are two important factors determining the initiation of swing in one leg.
549 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that in the adrenal medulla an enkephalin-like peptide(s) is present both in gland cells and in nerve terminals arising mainly from fibers in the splanchnic nerve, and the possibility exists that in this area opioid peptides may be released from the gland cells into the blood as hormones as well as from nerve terminals to act as a modulator or transmitter.
536 citations
TL;DR: The kinetics of the thrombin-catalysed release of fibrino-peptides A and B from human fibrinogen have been investigated and a mechanism correlating the release offibrinopeptides to fibrIn formation is presented.
Abstract: The kinetics of the thrombin-catalysed release of fibrino-peptides A and B from human fibrinogen have been investigated and a mechanism correlating the release of fibrinopeptides to fibrin formation is presented. The sequential release of fibrinopeptides results in sequential activation of two sets of polymerisation sites.
473 citations
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the responses induced by substance P were mainly mediated by histamine released from the dermal mast cells, and that substance P is a potent histamine liberator in human skin.
451 citations
TL;DR: This procedure based on high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection with simultaneous detection of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine in concentrations down to 0.1 nmol/1 in less than one ml plasma is adapted.
447 citations
TL;DR: The model was used to calculate the daily cadmium intake necessary to reach critical concentration in kidney cortex, and the average renal cortex concentration would reach 200 μg/g at an average daily cad mium intake via food of 440 μg for a European-American population and 325 μg for the Japanese population.
274 citations
TL;DR: The dexamethasone receptor complex in rat liver cytosol has a Stokes radius of 61 A and may be converted to smaller complexes with Stokes radii of 36 A and 19 A by proteolytic digestion with trypsin, a-chymotrypsin (that only gives rise to 36-A complex), papain, or an extract of the 1,000 x g pellet of liver homogenate.
248 citations
TL;DR: Hepatocytes isolated from mouse and rat catalyzed the formation of glucuronide, sulphate, glutathione and cysteine conjugates of paracetamol, which was directly correlated with loss of intracellular glutATHione (GSH) and induced rate was only half of that in hepatocytes from control mouse.
218 citations
TL;DR: Treatment with either oral contraceptives or prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors lowered the concentrations significantly and the majority of patients became symptom free.
TL;DR: The distribution of the substance P containing nerve fibers differed from that of adrenergic, cholinergic and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide containing nerves, indicating that the nerves containing substance P form a distinct system.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of sleep deprivation and of rapid light exposure at night on the variation of melatonin in serum, plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases was reported.
Abstract: Studies are reported of the variation of melatonin in serum, plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases. The diurnal variation of plasma and urine melatonin found in healthy controls on a regular dark-sleep pattern persisted when the subjects slept in light. The effect of sleep deprivation and of rapid light exposure at night is reported. There was a correlation between melatonin in morning urine and plasma at 2 a.m. Four hours of extended darkness in the morning as well as a 9-hour shift of sleep and activity cycles following travel affected the melatonin rhythm. The night increase in plasma melatonin preceeded both the cortisol and prolactin rise. A single oral dose of 4.3 X 10(5) nmol of melatonin given to a 44-year-old healthy male gave a peak plasma value of 624 nmol/l after 30 min. Plasma melatonin was not affected by electroconvulsive therapy, TRH-injection, L-Dopa or bromoergocryptine orally. Patients with alcoholism, migraine, postoperative pinealoma, panhypopituitarism, hereditary dystonia and schizophrenics on propranolol exhibited a decreased amplitude of their diurnal rhythm of melatonin. Two patients with pituitary tumors had occasional high levels of plasma melatonin. The change in melatonin secretion in human is apparently controlled by a mechanism which is at least party influenced by environmental lighting conditions, drugs and different disease states.
TL;DR: The phenomenon of natural cell-mediated immunity to be discussed in this article will add further to the complexity of this field and convince thereader that this phenomenon is a factor which must be seriously considered when discussing immune surveillance mechanisms against tumors.
Abstract: During thelast 10 years thenumber of effector cell types active in growth inhibition or cytolysis of tumor cells has steadily increased. Although theimportance of immune T cells in tumor rejection, measured by cytolytic or cyto-static activity in vitro, is firmly established, there is an increasing amount of evidence showing that tumor resistance also could be mediated by non-T-cell-dependent mechanisms. Some of these alternatives to T-cell cytotoxicity involve tumor killing by activated macrophages (Keller, 1976) or by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Perlmann et al, 1972) carried out by a variety of nonimmune effector cells. The phenomenon of natural cell-mediated immunity to be discussed in this article will add further to thecomplexity of this field. The purpose of this chapter is, however, to convince thereader that this phenomenon, although still poorly understood, is a factor which must be seriously considered when discussing immune surveillance mechanisms against tumors.
TL;DR: The test may be useful for the screening of new neuroleptic drugs because it seems possible to distinguish drugs producing extrapyramidal side effects from drugs that do not, and the findings are tentatively explained by the existence of two different dopamine receptors.
Abstract: Apomorphine 5 mg/kg given s.c. induces two different behaviours that can be separately measured in a special test box: one characterized by increased locomotion and one characterized by strong compulsive gnawing. Six different neuroleptic drugs with different clinical profiles (metaclopramide, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, clozapine, and sulpiride) were tested for their ability to antagonize either of these two different behaviours. We found that the neuroleptic drugs causing high incidences of extrapyramidal side effects (metoclopramide and haloperidol) predominantly antagonized the apomorphine-induced compulsive gnawing, while the ‘atypical’ neuroleptic drugs causing low incidences of extrapyramidal side effects (thioridazine, clozapine, sulpiride) instead antagonized the apomorphine-induced locomotion. When the drugs were rank-ordered according to their relative potencies in antagonizing gnawing as compared to locomotion, the rank order paralleled clinical data concerning the incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. The findings are tentatively explained by the existence of two different dopamine receptors. The test may be useful for the screening of new neuroleptic drugs because it seems possible to distinguish drugs producing extrapyramidal side effects from drugs that do not.
TL;DR: The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells in trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve.
Abstract: Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.
TL;DR: Results obtained with naloxone given intracisternally indicate that the pressor and depressor actions as well as the bradycardia are mediated through opiate receptors and indicate that opioid peptides may be involved in central cardiovascular control.
TL;DR: Using the centrifugal neuronal transport of intracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase, a light microscopic investigation of the intramedullary parts of the axons and axon collaterals of sciatic α‐motoneurons in the adult cat is performed.
Abstract: Utilizing the centrifugal neuronal transport of intracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have performed a light microscopic (LM) investigation of the intramedullary parts of the axons and axon collaterals of sciatic alpha-motoneurons in the adult cat. The intramedullary parts of the alpha-motor axons had comparatively short internodes (down to 75 microns) and were thinner than reported in earlier studies on the ventral root. Positive correlations were obtained when relating nodal diameters (2.8-7.8 micron) or the mean diameters of the motor axons in the white matter (4.4-9.0 micron) to the diameters of the initial axonal segments (2.3-4.9 micron). Eighty percent of the motor axons gave off one to five collaterals. There was no correlation between the numbers of collaterals and the lengths of the parent motor axons in the gray matter. The branching patterns of the axon collaterals showed considerable variation and the number of end branches from a single collateral ranged between 1 and 39. The rostro-caudal distribution of the collateral end branches was arranged symmetrically within a narrow space (+/- 300 micron) around the origins of the first order collaterals. Outbulgings of the motor axon collaterals, interpreted as synaptic terminals, were found along (59%) or at the ends (41%) of the collateral branches, and were located 200-700 micron away from the origin of the first order collateral. No characteristic LM feature of the outbulgings was distinguished.
TL;DR: Characteristics of the periurethral epithelial cells may facilitate the primary periuresthral colonisation which precedes infection of the urinary tract.
TL;DR: In Edinburgh and Stockholm, healthy men in Edinburgh and 82 in Stockholm, all aged 40 and selected at random, took part in a study aimed at identifying factors which might explain why, in men of this age, the mortality-rates from ischaemic heart disease are three times greater in Edinburgh men than in Stockholm men.
TL;DR: It is indicated that lung compliance of the premature neonate can be increased by deposition of surfactant in the upper airways before the onset of ventilation, and that deposition of Surfactant prevents the development of bronchiolar epithelial lesions in premature neonates subjected to IPPV.
Abstract: Summary: Premature newborn rabbits, obtained by hysterotomy on day 27 of gestation, were tracheotomized immediately after birth and treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for 16–60 min. Tidal volume was registered by means of a body plethysmograph and adjusted to 10 ml/kg and the insufflation pressure required to maintain this tidal volume was recorded. One group of animals received, by tracheal tube, a deposit of 50 μl homologous surfactant suspension, prepared by centrifugation of lung wash from adult rabbits (the phospholipid content of the surfactant suspension was 8.4 mg/ml, its lecithin content 6.9 mg/ml); littermates with empty tracheal tubes served as controls. The mean quasistatic compliance of the lung-thorax system was higher in surfactant-treated animals than in controls (0.42 ± 0.12 and 0.27 ± 0.04 ml/cm H<2
TL;DR: Multiple species of estrogen binding sites have been demonstrated in cytosol and nuclear fractions of uteri from immature and adult ovariectomized female rats and the presence of these sites in both cytosols and nuclear compartments complicates the accurate measurement and differentiation ofThese sites.
TL;DR: Cadmium bound to metallothionein is observed to be five times more toxic than cadmium chloride when administered intravenously or subcutaneously in a single dose.
TL;DR: The sealing properties of resin-composite resin material applied to acid-etched cavities and adjacent enamel were studied and this treatment was found to reduce considerably the risk of ingrowth of microorganisms from the surface of the tooth.
Abstract: The sealing properties of resin-composite resin material applied to acid-etched cavities and adjacent enamel were studied in 40 contralateral tooth pairs. This treatment was found to reduce considerably the risk of ingrowth of microorganisms from the surface of the tooth. The resin material did not have any appreciable irritative effect on the pulp; the same was true for the etching procedure. Etching of lateral enamel walls and margins with an acid gel after the application of a liner on dentinal walls was considered to be the procedure recommended before the application of the combination of unfilled resin and composite resin.
TL;DR: The relations between cell body size, intramedullary axon diameter and axon conduction velocity were examined in cat sciatic alpha-motoneurons after intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase.
TL;DR: Electrofocusing of the estradiol-receptor complex was compared to sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis in low ionic strength and was found to be more sensitive and more specific.
TL;DR: The results show that the number of myelin lamellae increases with increasing axon size in a non-linear fashion, most pronounced in the perch and the frog in which the g-ratio for the largest fibres far exceeds the functionally optimal value defined in theoretical analyses on impulse propagation.
TL;DR: It was concluded that lactate or associated pH changes primarily in FT fibres could be one factor responsible for the impaired muscle function.
Abstract: The lactate concentration in different muscle fibre types was determined in biopsy specimens from human vastus lateralis muscle after 30 and 60 s of maximal dynamic leg exercise. In addition, muscle fibre type distribution, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and isozymes of LDH were determined. In accordance with previous studies (Thorstensson and Karlsson 1976, Nilsson et al. 1977) it was found that an increasing proportion of slow twitch (ST) fibres corresponded to better sustained muscle force. Lactate was found preferentially in fast twitch (FT) fibres after 30 s, but after 60 s this difference was abolished. Differences between the two main muscle fibre types in muscle lactate, total LDH activity, and M-LDH activity were correlated to muscle fatigue. It was concluded that lactate or associated pH changes primarily in FT fibres could be one factor responsible for the impaired muscle function.