Showing papers by "University of North Texas published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the potential of psychological constructs to predict a proclivity for entrepreneurship and found that those labeled entrepreneurs were higher in achievement motivation, risk-taking propensity, and preference for innovation than were both the corporate managers and the small business owners.
827 citations
TL;DR: Poe and Tate as mentioned in this paper found that military regimes lead to somewhat greater human rights abuse, defined in terms of violations of personal integrity, once democracy and a host of other factors are controlled.
Abstract: Here we seek to build on our earlier research (Poe and Tate, 1994) by re-testing similar models on a data set covering a much longer time span; the period from 1976 to 1993. Several of our findings differ from those of our earlier work. Here we find statistical evidence that military regimes lead to somewhat greater human rights abuse, defined in terms of violations of personal integrity, once democracy and a host of other factors are controlled. Further, we find that countries that have experienced British colonial influence tend to have relatively fewer abuses of personal integrity rights than others. Finally, our results suggest that leftist countries are actually less repressive of these basic human rights than non-leftist countries. Consistent with the Poe and Tate (1994) study, however, we find that past levels of repression, democracy, population size, economic development, and international and civil wars exercise statistically significant and substantively important impacts on personal integrity abuse.
659 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors surveyed 75 small technology-based firms in Ontario to evaluate their international activities and try to explain both the intensity of their foreign sales (the percent of total sales coming from foreign sources), as well as the global diversity of the markets in which they operate (the number of major regional areas from which they derive revenue).
415 citations
TL;DR: The stability of LDH relative to the separate metal hydroxides/hydrous oxides is discussed and nominal solubility constants for the LDH are discussed.
Abstract: Solutions containing di- and trivalent metal chlorides [M(II) = Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+; M(III) = Al3+, Fe3+] were titrated with NaOH to yield hydrotalcite-like layered double hydroxides (LDH), [[M(II)]1-x[M(III)]x(OH)2][Cl]x yH2O, by way of M(III) hydroxide/hydrous oxide intermediates. Analysis of the resultant titration curves yields nominal solubility constants for the LDH. The corresponding LDH stabilities are in the order Mg < Mn < Co approximately Ni < Zn for M(II) and Al < Fe for M(III). The stability of LDH relative to the separate metal hydroxides/hydrous oxides is discussed.
367 citations
01 Aug 1999
TL;DR: By building and maintaining a dictionary of individual user’s path updates, the proposed adaptive on-line algorithm can learn subscribers’ profiles and compressibility of the variable-to-fixed length encoding of the acclaimed LempelZiv family of algorithms reduces the update cost.
Abstract: The complexity of the mobility tracking problem in a cellular environment has been characterized under an informationtheoretic framework. Shannon’s entropy measure is identified as a basis for comparing user mobility models. By building and maintaining a dictionary of individual user’s path updates (as opposed to the widely used location updates), the proposed adaptive on-line algorithm can learn subscribers’ profiles. This technique evolves out of the concepts of lossless compression. The compressibility of the variable-to-fixed length encoding of the acclaimed LempelZiv family of algorithms reduces the update cost, whereas their built-in predictive power can be effectively used to reduce paging cost.
346 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Part-Worth conjoint analysis to obtain individual weights of main effects and selected interaction effects on the willingness to purchase illicit goods, and cluster analysis was used to segment the respondents.
Abstract: Trade in contraband amounts to billions of dollars each year, and yet the buyers of these products are still a mystery. The purpose of this study was to model the decision to purchase illicit goods, using four predictor measures: product type, buying situation, perceived criminal risk, and price. Part‐worth conjoint analysis was used to obtain individual weights of main effects and selected interaction effects on the willingness to purchase. Individual respondents evaluated the purchase of illicit goods differently. Cluster analysis was used to segment the respondents. Discriminant analysis was used to assess variable importance. The overall model was shown to be significant. Although the results varied by cluster, the main effects of product type, buying situation and price were all significant predictors of willingness to buy. The interactions of risk with product type and price with product type were also significant predictors for some clusters.
344 citations
TL;DR: A plethora of normative conservation concepts have recently emerged, most of which are ill- defined: biological diversity, biological integrity, ecological restoration, ecological services, ecological rehabili- tation, ecological sustainability, sustainable development, ecosystem health, ecosystem management, adap- tive management, and keystone species are salient among them.
Abstract: A plethora of normative conservation concepts have recently emerged, most of which are ill- defined: biological diversity, biological integrity, ecological restoration, ecological services, ecological rehabili- tation, ecological sustainability, sustainable development, ecosystem health, ecosystem management, adap- tive management, and keystone species are salient among them. These normative concepts can be organized and interpreted by reference to two new schools of conservation philosophy, compositionalism and function- alism. The former comprehends nature primarily by means of evolutionary ecology and considers Homo sapi- ens separate from nature. The latter comprehends nature primarily by means of ecosystem ecology and con- siders Homo sapiens a part of nature. Biological diversity, biological integrity, and ecological restoration belong primarily in the compositionalist glossary; the rest belong primarily in the functionalist glossary. The former set are more appropriate norms for reserves, the latter for areas that are humanly inhabited and ex- ploited. In contrast to the older schools of conservation philosophy, preservationism and resourcism, composi- tionalism and functionalism are complementary, not competitive and mutually exclusive. As the historically divergent ecological sciences—evolutionary ecology and ecosystem ecology—are increasingly synthesized, a more unified philosophy of conservation can be envisioned.
331 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test empirically whether becoming a party to the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights (ICPCL) has an observable impact on the state party's actual behavior.
Abstract: Formal acceptance of international agreements on human rights has progressed to the point where currently over three-quarters of the UN member states are parties to the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights. In fact, becoming a party to this covenant seems to be concomitant with joining the UN. Of the newly independent states in Eastern Europe and in the region of the former Soviet Union, only Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Moldova, and Macedonia have not joined the treaty. This article tests empirically whether becoming a party to this international treaty (and its optional protocol) has an observable impact on the state party's actual behavior. The hypothesis is tested across 178 countries over an eighteen-year period (1976-93) and across four different measures of state human rights behavior. Initial bivariate analyses demonstrate some statistically significant differences between the behavior of states parties and the behavior of non-party states. However, this difference does not appear in th...
309 citations
TL;DR: This article provides an illustrative example utilizing data collected from 138 executive and information systems professional customers of a multibillion dollar information services provider in order to examine the validity and reliability of Kettinger and Lee's modified SERVQUAL instrument.
Abstract: The SERVQUAL questionnaire (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988) is one of the preeminent instruments for measuring the quality of services as perceived by the customer. In a recent Decision Sciences article, Kettinger and Lee (1995) suggested the use of a modified SERVQUAL instrument to assess the quality of the services supplied by an information services provider. However, a number of problems with the SERVQUAL instrument are discussed in the literature. This article provides an illustrative example utilizing data collected from 138 executive and information systems professional customers of a multibillion dollar information services provider in order to examine the validity and reliability of Kettinger and Lee's (1995) modified SERVQUAL instrument. Results of analyses do not confirm the findings of Kettinger and Lee. Moreover, it appears that the use of difference scores in calculating SERVQUAL contributes to problems with the reliability, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and predictive validity of the measure. These findings suggest that caution should be exercised in the use of SERVQUAL scores and that further work is needed in the development of measures for assessing the quality of information services.
267 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel procedure to produce porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) from eggshells is reported, which is carried out at an elevated temperature and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined advertising appeals for services and goods across four different countries: Brazil, Taiwan, Mexico and the USA and found that the use of rational and emotional appeals differs across both product type and country.
Abstract: The growth of international business, combined with an increase in the number of service offerings, underscores the importance of understanding effective promotional strategies for services versus goods in international markets. The current study examines advertising appeals for services and goods across four different countries: Brazil, Taiwan, Mexico and the USA. Results of a content analysis indicate that the use of rational and emotional appeals differs across both product type and country. It is suggested that culture plays a role in the use of the appeals and that the product type × country interaction is strongly reflected in Taiwanese and US advertising.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of brand image country image and familiarity with both brand and country on consumer evaluation of binational brands and found that product specific image plays a mediating role between overall image and consumer evaluation.
Abstract: This article examines the effects of brand image country image and familiarity with both brand and country on consumer evaluation of binational brands. Specifically two sub‐constructs of country image: overall image and product specific image and three different types of familiarity: product familiarity brand familiarity and country familiarity are identified and utilized. Hypotheses based on categorization theory are developed and tested using a mail survey of a random sample of US households. The study shows that product specific image plays a mediating role between overall country image and consumer evaluation. With product and brand familiarity moderate familiarity consumers utilize country‐of‐origin information less than low or high familiarity consumers. Likewise with country familiarity low familiarity consumers rely more on country‐of‐origin information than high familiarity consumers.
TL;DR: The ability to regulate M˙o 2 and f H in response to the compounding demands of increased temperature and/or decreased oxygen availability first develops after ∼20 days in D. rerio and, thereafter, the ability to maintain M�'o 2 in the face of ambient hypoxia progressively builds through to adulthood.
Abstract: Body mass, length, oxygen consumption (M˙o 2) and heart rate (f H) were measured in “embryos” (prior to hatching), “larvae” (days 10–20), “juveniles” (days 30–70 in 10-day intervals), and “adults” ...
TL;DR: The data indicate that a weight-loss dietary regimen in conjunction with aerobic and resistance exercise prevents the normal decline in fat-free mass and muscular power and augments body composition, maximal strength, and maximum oxygen consumption compared with weight- loss induced by diet alone.
Abstract: Influence of exercise training on physiological and performance changes with weight loss in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 1320-1329, 1999.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological effects of a weight-loss dietary regimen with or without exercise.M
TL;DR: There was clear evidence that studies with better methodological quality tended to yield less positive results, and meta-regression methods simultaneously investigating the influence of single study features seem the best method for investigating the impact of study quality on outcome.
TL;DR: The combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich-Kister, CNIBS/R-K, was found to be the best solution model in terms of its ability to describe the experimental solubility in mixed solvents.
TL;DR: Recent experimental evidence obtained using inhibitors of uPA and uPAR has validated this system as a therapeutic target for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic therapeutic agents.
Abstract: Substantial evidence exists which implicates the urokinase plasminogen activator system [urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] in the neo-vascularization, invasion and metastasis of many solid tumors Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between high levels of expression of the components of this system in tumors and poor patient prognosis and outcome Components of the uPA/uPAR system are differentially expressed or activated on motile cells including invading tumor cells and leukocytes, and migrating endothelial cells In contrast, there is little or no expression on most normal, quiescent cells Studies performed in vitro have demonstrated the regulation of the expression of uPA and uPAR by growth and differentiation factors as well as by oncogenes In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of the components of the uPA/uPAR system in angiogenesis, invasiveness and tumor metastasis The activities of this system in endothelial and leukocyte cell biology and the relevance of these activities to angiogenesis and tumor metastasis will be considered Recent experimental evidence obtained using inhibitors of uPA and uPAR has validated this system as a therapeutic target for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic therapeutic agents These studies, as well as additional therapeutic and diagnostic implications for uPAR targeting, will be discussed
TL;DR: The Euro-Barometer values battery has provided much of the empirical evidence for the thesis that a shift from materialist to postmaterialist values has occurred in advanced industrial societies over the past two decades as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Euro-Barometer values battery has provided much of the empirical evidence for the thesis that a shift from materialist to postmaterialist values has occurred in advanced industrial societies over the past two decades. It has been argued, however, that this widely used instrument is seriously flawed because of its sensitivity to current economic conditions. We present data from experiments in Canada and Germany that tested the performance of the values battery in an era of joblessness. Analyses reveal that (1) substituting an unemployment statement for the standard inflation statement in the battery has major consequences for the classification of respondents as materialist or postmaterialist and (2) answers to the battery are conditioned by the interaction between its content and respondents' economic issue concerns. These findings support the argument that much of the shift from materialist to postmaterialist values recorded by the Euro-Barometer since the early 1980s is a measurement artifact.
TL;DR: This article conducted a survey of corporate level marketing and human resource managers of American multi-national corporations to identify managerial perceptions regarding the institutionalization of ethics in organizations, which revealed that managers found ethics to be good for the bottom line of the organizations, they did not perceive the need for additional formalisation of ethics, and that they perceived implicit forms of institutionalizing ethics (e.g., leadership, corporate culture, top management support) to be more effective than the explicit forms of institutionizing ethics, such as ethics ombudspeople, ethics committees, ethics newsletters).
Abstract: Corporate America is institutionalizing ethics through a variety of structures, systems, and processes. This study sought to identify managerial perceptions regarding the institutionalization of ethics in organizations. Eighty-six corporate level marketing and human resource managers of American multi-national corporations responded to a mail survey regarding the various implicit and explicit ways by which corporations institutionalize ethics. The results revealed that managers found ethics to be good for the bottom line of the organizations, they did not perceive the need for additional formalization of ethics, and that they perceived implicit forms of institutionalizing ethics (e.g., leadership, corporate culture, top management support) to be more effective than the explicit forms of institutionalizing ethics (e.g., ethics ombudspeople, ethics committees, ethics newsletters). Implications of the survey and future research directions conclude the paper.
TL;DR: The study is the first to investigate Web users’ successive searching behavior as they conduct related searches on the EXCITE Web search engine.
Abstract: Web search services are now a major source of information for a growing number of people. We need to know more about how users search Web search engines to improve the effectiveness of their information retrieval. This paper reports results from a major study exploring users’ information searching behavior on the EXCITE Web search engine. The study is the first to investigate Web users’ successive searching behavior as they conduct related searches
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of environmentally-based marketing programs within the context of each element of the marketing mix is discussed and issues that are of critical importance in the implementation of the concept, from the perspectives of firm performance and business environment.
Abstract: Concerns related to the environment are evident in the rapid growth of the environmentally conscious marketplace and its increasing impact on corporate strategists. Drawing from the academic literature and case studies of actual corporate experiences, this article discusses the concept of environmentally-based marketing programs within the context of each element of the marketing mix. Additionally, it discusses issues that are of critical importance in the implementation of the concept, from the perspectives of firm performance and business environment. The managerial implications of adopting environmentally-based marketing programs and concerns relevant to future research in this area are also addressed.
TL;DR: This article reviews the outcome (usually abstinence at 12 months) of 21 controlled studies of AA, with emphasis on methodological quality.
Abstract: This article reviews the outcome (usually abstinence at 12 months) of 21 controlled studies of AA, with emphasis on methodological quality. Severe selection biases compromised all quasi-experiments. Randomized studies yielded worse results for AA than nonrandomized studies, but were biased by selection of coerced subjects. Attending conventional AA meetings was worse than no treatment or alternative treatment; residential AA-modeled treatments performed no better or worse than alternatives; and several components of AA seemed supported (recovering alcoholics as therapists, peer-led self-help therapy groups, teaching the Twelve-Step process, and doing an honest inventory).
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiple-signature subpixel analysis technique coupled with a layered classification approach was developed to map urban imperviousness of each pixel of an urban scene into eight 10 percent levels.
Abstract: The quantification of urban imperviousness using remotely sensed spectral data is next to impossible unless a spectral fraction of impervious components in an urban pixel can be detected. In this research, a multiple‐signature subpixel analysis technique coupled with a layered classification approach was developed to map urban imperviousness of each pixel of an urban scene into eight 10‐percent levels. The subpixel analysis was based on the idea of removing background spectra from the total radiance of a pixel and testing the residual spectrum against the signature spectrum. This study demonstrated that although the subpixel analysis was able to quantify urban imperviousness from most of the urban pixels, it experienced some difficulty in handling the spectral heterogeneity of diverse urban features. The layered classification approach was used to identify the extreme cases. An experiment of classifying Landsat TM data into eight levels of urban imperviousness revealed that 83.0% (kappa = 0.787) ...
TL;DR: In this article, the packing dimension of the limit set of general conformal iterated function systems with restricted entries is characterized and the Hausdorff and packing measures of these sets are analyzed in terms of arithmetic density properties.
Abstract: In this paper we obtain some results about general conformal iterated function systems. We obtain a simple characterization of the packing dimension of the limit set of such systems and introduce some special systems which exhibit some interesting behavior. We then apply these results to the set of values of real continued fractions with restricted entries. We pay special attention to the Hausdorff and packing measures of these sets. We also give direct interpretations of these measure theoretic results in terms of the arithmetic density properties of the set of allowed entries.
TL;DR: Although custodial grandparents raising apparently normal grandchildren demonstrated less distress, less disruption of roles, and less deterioration of the grandparent-grandchild relationship than those grandparents raising grandchildren displaying problems, in these respects, they still demonstrated higher such levels than did traditional grandparents.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study compared three groups of custodial grandparents, those raising problematic grandchildren, those raising "normal" grandchildren, and noncustodial grandparents to identify the unique challenges and expectations faced by custodial grandparents due to their nontraditional roles while attempting to disentangle grandparental role demands from child-specific problems as sources of distress. Those grandparents raising grandchildren demonstrating neurological, physical, emotional, or behavioral problems exhibited the most distress, the most disruption of roles, and the most deteriorated grandparent-grandchild relationships. Although custodial grandparents raising apparently normal grandchildren demonstrated less distress, less disruption of roles, and less deterioration of the grandparent-grandchild relationship than those grandparents raising grandchildren displaying problems, in these respects, they still demonstrated higher such levels than did traditional grandparents.
TL;DR: This study investigated traditional statistical and ANN approaches to perform the predictive modelling of the age of loblolly pine for large stands in southern Brazil using Thematic Mapper data and suggested that ANN analysis may be of significant value when using remote sensing data to model certain forest variables.
Abstract: Age is a powerful variable that can be of significant value when modelling the health of forest-dominated ecosystem. Traditional investigations have attempted to extract age information from remotely sensed data by regressing the spectral values with in situ derived age data. Traditional statistical approaches assume (a) normally distributed remote sensing and in situ data, (b) no collinearity among variables, and (c) linear data relationships. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are not bound by such assumptions and may yield improved predictive modelling of forest stand biophysical parameters if properly utilized. This study investigated traditional statistical and ANN approaches to perform the predictive modelling of the age of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) for large stands in southern Brazil using Thematic Mapper (TM) data. An extensive comparison of pattern associator and back-propagation ANNs versus both linear and nonlinear regression analysis was conducted. Various neural network architectures were investigated to determine the optimal configuration for this particular dataset. Certain back-propagation ANNs modelled stand age significantly better than traditional statistical approaches because of their ability to take into account nonlinear, non-normally distributed data. The results suggest that ANN analysis may be of significant value when using remote sensing data to model certain forest variables.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the fractional derivative (integral) of a generalized Weierstrass function (GWF) is another fractal function with a greater (lesser) fractal dimension.
Abstract: It is argued that the evolution of complex phenomena ought to be described by fractional, differential, stochastic equations whose solutions have scaling properties and are therefore random, fractal functions. To support this argument we demonstrate that the fractional derivative (integral) of a generalized Weierstrass function (GWF) is another fractal function with a greater (lesser) fractal dimension. We also determine that the GWF is a solution to such a fractional differential stochastic equation of motion.
TL;DR: It is shown that, although competitive intelligence is important to CEOs, firms tend to underinvest in it and that therefore the IT units themselves benefit from conducting their own CI efforts.
Abstract: As Table 1 shows, there is much more to competitive intelligence than just market research. The word assessment suggests an ongoing process using a variety of information streams and data gathering techniques including psychological profiling and new technology evaluation. This process helps decision makers better understand the development of their industry, the behavior and capabilities of their competitors, and what is necessary to develop or maintain competitive advantage. C ompetitive intelligence (CI), also known as business intelligence, is both a process and a product. As a process, CI is the set of legal and ethical methods a company uses to harness information that helps it achieve success in a global environment. As a product, CI is information about competitors' activities from public and private sources, and its scope is the present and future behavior of competitors, suppliers, customers, technologies, acquisitions, markets, products and services, and the general business environment. Tyson [12] presented CI as a group of varied intelligence activities, shown in Table 1. Nothing is more likely to undermine IT strategic planning than poor knowledge of competitors' computing practices. In today's dynamic markets, CI has become an important source of information about the business environment. Major companies, such as General Motors, Eastman Kodak, and British Petroleum, have organized formal CI units [5]. One recent estimate places the global worth of the CI industry at more than $100 billion [8], exploding from more than $1 billion in 1988 [7]. The Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) has grown in 10 years from 8 members to over 4,000 worldwide , and its Web site receives over 23,000 hits per week [10]. The industry is likely to continue to expand, as the need for CI of all types increases within the current environment of rapid changes in organizational structures and operations. The growth of CI has important implications for both the management and operation of IT units, as IT resources are called upon to support CI activities elsewhere within organizations. Moreover, IT units themselves benefit from conducting their own CI efforts. Despite the critical nature of CI, however, little research has been conducted from an IT viewpoint about management activities regarding CI. This article presents the results of a survey of the attitudes and practices of CEOs and CIOs regarding CI. This study shows that, although competitive intelligence is important to CEOs, firms tend to underinvest in it and that therefore the …
TL;DR: The authors found that floating exchange rate regimes are more likely in democratic than in nondemocratic polities and that democratic polities with majoritarian electoral systems were more likely to fix their exchange rates than those with systems of proportional representation.
Abstract: Policymakers use a fixed exchange rate regime to signal their commitment to low inflation and to exchange rate stability. Increasing economic integration and the rise of democratic institutions make it more difficult for policymakers to maintain the credibility of this commitment. We use binary probit (with a variety of corrections for autocorrelated and heteroscedastic disturbances) to test hypotheses relating democratic institutions to exchange rate regime choice on a sample of 76 developing countries over the period 1973‐1994. The empirical analysis indicates that domestic political preferences—as measured by the structure of domestic political institutions and the fractionalization of the party system—influence exchange rate regime choice. We find that floating exchange rate regimes are more likely in democratic than in nondemocratic polities and that democratic polities with majoritarian electoral systems are more likely to fix their exchange rates than those with systems of proportional representation. The growth of international capital markets is truly extraordinary. Cross-border capital flows dwarf those of international trade: recent estimates suggest that foreign exchange trading alone now exceeds one trillion dollars a day. The magnitude and volatile nature of international capital flows has led some political economists to suggest that increased economic integration and capital mobility has become so pervasive that it now acts as a “structural characteristic of the international system, similar to anarchy” (Keohane and Milner, 1996:257). These scholars point to globalization as a crucial factor leading to a convergence of economic policy in the industrialized world. While a wave of economic liberalization has swept OECD economies, governments in developing countries still use a variety of traditional economic tools to protect the relative autonomy of their domestic policies. Vital in this process is exchange rate policy for it is the exchange rate that serves as a buffer between international and domestic markets. Even after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates, most developing countries continue to fix the value of their currency to that of their major trading partner. The logic is clear: by fixing the domestic currency’s value to that of a trading partner, exchange rate volatility is minimized. As a result, bilateral flows of capital and goods are not disrupted by exchange rate uncertainty and
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that CV is the threshold intensity above which exercise of sufficient duration will lead to attainment of V˙O2max.
Abstract: Although critical velocity (CV) provides a valid index of aerobic function, the physiological significance of CV is not known. Twelve individuals performed exhaustive runs at 95% to 110% of the velocity at which V˙O2max was attained in an incremental test. V˙O2max was elicited in each run. Using the time to exhaustion at each velocity, CV was calculated for each participant. Using the time to achieve V˙O2max at each velocity, which was shorter at higher velocities, a parameter we have designated as CV′ was calculated for each participant. During exercise at or below CV′, V˙O2max cannot be elicited. CV (238 ± 24 m · min−1) and CV′ (239 ± 25 m · min−1) were equal (t = 0.60, p = 0.56) and correlated (r = 0.97, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that CV is the threshold intensity above which exercise of sufficient duration will lead to attainment of V˙O2max.