Showing papers by "University of Nottingham published in 1987"
TL;DR: The ten most inhibitory oils were thyme, cinnamon, bay, clove, almond (bitter), lovage, pimento, marjoram, angelica and nutmeg.
912 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new symmetrical condensed node is developed for the analysis of electromagnetic waves by the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method of numerical analysis, which has the advantage of condensing the field components to one point in space at the node.
Abstract: A new symmetrical condensed node is developed for the analysis of electromagnetic waves by the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method of numerical analysis.The new node has the advantage of condensing the field components to one point in space at the node and removes the disadvantage of asymmetry in existing condensed nodes.
686 citations
TL;DR: The extended ADL scale could be used as a postal questionnaire to assist in the follow-up of patients discharged home after a stroke and can be monitored and patients can also be compared on the basis of their scale score.
Abstract: A ranked assessment of daily living (ADL) scale has been developed to assess activities which may be important to stroke patients who have been discharged home. A questionnaire incorporating 22 ADL activities in four sections was sent by post to 80 consecutively registered stroke patients. Gutmann scaling was carried out on the returned questionnaires, producing acceptable coefficients of reproducibility and scalability. The revised questionnaire was then sent to 20 stroke patients. The same patients were sent an identical questionnaire two weeks later. The overall level of agreement between the two assessments was satisfactory. The extended ADL scale could therefore be used as a postal questionnaire to assist in the follow-up of patients discharged home after a stroke. Due to the scaling properties of the assessment, patient's progress can be monitored and patients can also be compared on the basis of their scale score.
676 citations
TL;DR: Initial antibiotic therapy should always cover S pneumoniae and H influenzae, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influensae, and influenza viruses those most frequently identified.
571 citations
01 Jan 1987
491 citations
TL;DR: The results establish the basis of an efficient test of speech-reception disability in which measures are freed from the floor and ceiling effects encountered when percentage correct is used as the dependent variable.
Abstract: The intelligibility of sentences presented in noise improves when the listener can view the talker's face. Our aims were (a) to quantify this benefit, and (b) to relate it to individual differences among subjects in lipreading ability and among sentences in lipreading difficulty. Auditory and audiovisual speech-reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured in 20 listeners with normal hearing. Sixty sentences, selected to range in the difficulty with which they could be lipread (with vision alone) from easy to hard, were presented for identification in white noise. Using the ascending method of limits, the SRT was defined as the lowest signal-to-noise ratio at which all three ‘key words’ in each sentence could be identified correctly. Measured as the difference in dB between auditory-alone and audiovisual SRTs, ‘audiovisual benefit’ averaged 11 dB, ranging from 6 to 15 dB among subjects, and from 3 to 22 dB among sentences. As predicted, audiovisual benefit is a measure of lipreading ability. It was highly cor...
416 citations
TL;DR: The observed decline in the human D1/D2 ratio with age suggests that the perioral control mechanisms for humans and rats may be different.
Abstract: Since spontaneous oral dyskinesias are more prevalent in the elderly, and since these movements may be controlled by the balance of brain dopamine D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, we measured the densities of these receptors in 247 postmortem brain striata. In childhood, the densities of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the brain striatum rise and fall together. After age 20 years, D1 receptors disappear at 3.2% per decade while D2 receptors disappear at about 2.2% per decade. Overall, therefore, the D1/D2 ratio falls with age. Since perioral motion in rats is dominated by a high D1/D2 ratio, the observed decline in the human D1/D2 ratio with age suggests that the perioral control mechanisms for humans and rats may be different.
401 citations
TL;DR: A prognostic index, previously derived in a group of 387 patients with primary breast cancer, has been recalculated for the same patients with over 5 years further follow-up and shown to be unchanged and it has been verified that the index applies to patients withPrimary breast cancer.
Abstract: A prognostic index, previously derived in a group of 387 patients with primary breast cancer, has been recalculated for the same patients with over 5 years further follow-up and shown to be unchanged. The prognostic index has also been applied prospectively to a further group of 320 patients and shown to be similarly effective in identifying patients with either a very good or a very poor prognosis. It has been verified that the index applies to patients with primary breast cancer. Patients have now been divided into 5 prognostic groups, predicting 11% of patients with an almost normal survival and a further 10% with a very poor prognosis. The index is used to stratify patients to study the effects of treatment regimes within groups of similar patients.
311 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a block co-polymer (poloxamine) was used to keep the carrier circulating in the vascular compartment with little or no uptake by the reticuloendothelial system.
252 citations
TL;DR: On considere le produit tensoriel generalise G⊗H des groupes G, On presente le calcul de G×G as mentioned in this paper, le calcul of G×H
219 citations
TL;DR: The lack of phosphoinositides in Alzheimer temporal cortex may impair receptor function, and the concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate and phosphati‐dylinositl 4,5‐bisph phosphate were lower in Alzheimer cortex, but differences from the control group were not statistically significant.
Abstract: Samples of brain anterior temporal cortex from 17 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 18 age-matched controls have been analysed for myo-inositol and the three phosphoinositides. There was significantly less phosphatidylinositol in the Alzheimer samples (1.36 mumol/g wet weight) than in the controls (2.28 mumol/g). The concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were also lower in Alzheimer cortex, but differences from the control group were not statistically significant. Free myo-inositol concentrations were 5.11 mumol/g (Alzheimer) and 4.44 mumol/g (control) and again the difference was not significant. The lack of phosphoinositides in Alzheimer temporal cortex may impair receptor function.
TL;DR: It is concluded that 8-OH-DPAT probably produces its hypothermic effects by actions at 5-HT receptors located presynaptically on5-HT neurones, while the stereotyped components of the serotonin syndrome appear to be mediated by post-synaptic receptors.
Abstract: The hypothermic and motor behavioural responses to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) have been investigated in the rat. The dose-effect relationship showed that hypothermia appeared at a lower dose than a definite motor syndrome. The hypothermic response to 8-OH-DPAT was attenuated following depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by repeated intraperitoneal (IP) administration of parachlorophenylalanine (200 mg/kg) or by injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 100 μg) into the region of the third ventricle; the motor behavioural response produced simultaneously was not. Indeed, after 5,7-DHT, it was increased. Quipazine (1 mg/kg, IP) antagonised the hypothermic response and facilitated the motor behaviour. Clenbuterol (2.5 mg/kg, IP) increased both hypothermic and motor responses. (±)-propranolol was without effect on the simple hypermotility produced by 8-OH-DPAT, although it is known to antagonise the hypothermic and stereotyped motor responses. It is concluded that 8-OH-DPAT probably produces its hypothermic effects by actions at 5-HT receptors located presynaptically on 5-HT neurones, while the stereotyped components of the serotonin syndrome appear to be mediated by post-synaptic receptors.
TL;DR: Female G. bimaculatus may control the degree of sperm competition as a mechanism of mate choice by accepting large quantities of sperm from chosen males and determining the paternity of their offspring by diluting out the sperm stored from previous matings.
Abstract: While traditionally viewed as an extension of intermale competition, mechanisms of sperm competition may be used by multiply mating females for mate choice. In the field cricket G. bimaculatus sperm were shown to mix in the spermatheca. The proportion of offspring sired by the second male increased with spermatophore attachment duration and, therefore, the number of sperm transferred. There was no second male advantage for single matings after an initial double mating. However, the proportion ofoffspring sired by the second male increased in proportion to the number of times he mated such that second males mating three times after an initial double mating had the advantage at fertilization. The data suggested that sperm were utilized in proportion to their numerical representation in the spermatheca. The mechanism of sperm precedence may, therefore, be one of sperm dilution. Female G. bimaculatus may control the degree of sperm competition as a mechanism of mate choice. By accepting large quantities of sperm from chosen males they may determine the paternity of their offspring by diluting out the sperm stored from previous matings.
TL;DR: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease and matched community controls taken from general practitioner lists were questioned about their smoking habits and there were only small and nonsignificant increases in the risk of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis in exsmokers.
TL;DR: The effect of solutes and PEG on the gel-sol transition temperature of Pluronic F-127 solutions has been characterised and the formulation of a PF-127 solution of which the gelation properties can be controlled, while increasing the solute loading capacity is proposed.
TL;DR: The authors found that 3/4 views of faces promote better recognition memory for previously unfamiliar faces than do full-face views, and that the 3 /4 view advantage appeared only when the faces were unfamiliar, and the task had to be performed at the level of visual matching.
Abstract: Three-quarter views of faces promote better recognition memory for previously unfamiliar faces than do full-face views. This paper reports experiments which examine the possible basis of the effect, and, in particular, examine whether the effect reflects some ‘canonical’ role for the 3/4 view of a face. Experiment 1 showed no advantage of 3/4 views over full-face views when the task was to decide whether or not each of a series of faces was that of a highly familiar colleague. In Experiment 2 a sequential matching task was used, where subjects had to respond positively if both members of a pair of faces were of the same person. When the faces used were highly familiar to the subjects, there was no evidence of an advantage for a 3/4 view in the matching task. Three-quarter views and full-face views led to equivalent performance, though profiles produced decrements in performance. When the same faces were shown to subjects who were unfamiliar with the faces, 3/4 views did lead to increased speeds in same trials, compared with full-face, though profiles again proved difficult. Thus a 3/4 view advantage appeared only where the faces were unfamiliar, and the task had to be performed at the level of visual matching. It appears that the 3/4 view advantage may be obtained only when the task involves explicit matching between test views and remembered target photographs, rather than reflecting any more fundamental properties of the representations used to recognize highly familiar faces.
TL;DR: The general practitioner is in the best position to detect psychiatric illness in stroke survivors; the use of mood rating scales such as the GHQ, in conjunction with clinical assessment may improve detection.
Abstract: Mood assessments were made after six months of 149 survivors taken from a register of all patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke. Using a General Health Questionnaire score of 12 or more as a criterion of important affective illness, its prevalence was 23%. There was no difference in risk of affective illness between left and right hemisphere strokes. Affective illness was strongly associated with functional ability, with limb weakness and with longer hospital stay in those with good functional recovery. Only 15% of those with high scores were receiving antidepressant drugs. The general practitioner is in the best position to detect psychiatric illness in stroke survivors; the use of mood rating scales such as the GHQ, in conjunction with clinical assessment, may improve detection.
TL;DR: Using a 1‐m‐bore super conductive magnet at 0.1 T, whole‐body transverse images through adult humans have been obtained at repetition times of 57 ms using minor variations of echo‐planar imaging employing large pulsed gradients to provide complete coverage of the plane in phase space and low‐angle RF excitation sequences allowing rapid repetition of the experiment.
Abstract: Using a 1-m-bore super conductive magnet at 0.1 T, whole-body transverse images through adult humans have been obtained at repetition times of 57 ms. The techniques used were minor variations of echo-planar imaging (EPI) employing large pulsed gradients to provide complete coverage of the plane in phase space, and low-angle RF excitation sequences allowing rapid repetition of the experiment. In addition active magnetic screening of the gradient coils was implemented to protect the surrounding magnet from the eddy currents induced by the necessarily fast switching of the large gradient fields. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
TL;DR: A self-administered questionnaire which measured 16 psychosocial variables supported the prognostic importance of the social emotional network in breast cancer patients.
TL;DR: This article will consider recent studies on the use of lipid emulsions as drug delivery systems and will concentrate on the intravenous route of administration.
Abstract: Colloidal carriers used for the delivery of drugs take a variety of forms to include those that are solid-like in nature, such as microspheres and nanoparticles, and liquids in the form of emulsions, or vesicles (better known as liposomes). Natural colloidal particles (lipoproteins and chylomicrons present in circulating blood, for example) have also been investigated as potential carrier systems. The recent literature covering these different systems can be found in various detailed papers, review articles, and monographs.’4 This article will consider recent studies on the use of lipid emulsions as drug delivery systems and will concentrate on the intravenous route of administration. The earlier literature has been reviewed by Davis and others2
TL;DR: Synaptosomal D-aspartate has been used as a marker for glutamate neurons in control and in postmortem Alzheimer's disease brains and shows a marked decrease of the glutamate uptake site in cortical and hippocampal regions, indicating loss of, or damage to, cortical glutamatergic innervation.
TL;DR: A self-administered questionnaire concerning auditory disability and handicap was completed by 1691 subjects who were part of a two-stage random sample of the UK adult population, finding little evidence for the concept of a 'low fence' in the relationship between impairment and either disability or handicap.
Abstract: A self-administered questionnaire concerning auditory disability and handicap was completed by 1691 subjects who were part of a two-stage random sample of the UK adult population. A principal components analysis of questionnaire replies identified four components. They were interpreted as (a) disability for everyday speech, (b) disability for speech-in-quiet, (c) localisation, and (d) hearing handicap. Components (a) and (d) were the strongest, accounting for 68% of the variance. Subjects also performed pure-tone audiometry amongst other tests. Audiometric information was well described by a two-parameter model characterised by low-to-mid-frequency loss and high-frequency slope. All four components increased progressively with increasing low-to-mid-frequency loss, independent of high-frequency slope. They were best correlated with a binaural average over 0.5,1 and 2 kHz weighted 4:1 in favour of the better ear, out of several audiometric descriptors examined. Sex and socio-economic group did not generally...
TL;DR: Clinical and laboratory features of 83 cases of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia, 79 cases of legionella pneumonia (LP) and 62 cases of mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) have been compared and no unique features have been found.
Abstract: The clinical and laboratory features of 83 cases of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (PP), 79 cases of legionella pneumonia (LP) and 62 cases of mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) have been compared. No unique features have been found in any group. Patients with MP were younger, were more likely to have had prior antibiotics before hospital referral, had a predominance of upper respiratory tract symptoms, low total white cell counts and lacked features of multisystem involvement. Multisystem features were common in both PP and LP with confusion, high fever, hyponatraemia, hypoalbuminaemia and abnormalities of liver function occurring more often in LP. A high leucocyte count was especially common in PP. Antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia must remain empirical until a definite microbiological diagnosis is made.
TL;DR: In 50 patients sedated with intravenous midazolam and examined with a large-diameter endoscope, oxygen desaturation was abolished by giving oxygen (2 litres/min) by way of nasal cannulae throughout the procedure.
TL;DR: Cows which are thin at calving produce more milk directly from food than cows which are fat and are biologically more efficient; higher UDP levels in the diet led to increased negative energy balances but in thin cows this was due to lower food intakes whereas in fat cows this is due to higher milk yields which led to greater losses of condition.
Abstract: Four groups of 12 cows were fed from between 12 and 18 weeks before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 2·0 (T) or 3·5 (F). For 20 weeks after calving all cows were offered 10 kg/day of a dairy concentrate (metabolizable energy (ME) 13 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) containing 74 g undegradable dietary protein (UDP) per kg DM (groups TH and FH) or 45 g/kg DM UDP (groups TL and FL), 2 kg/day sugar-beet pulp, 5 kg/day brewers' grains and hay ad libitum.Milk yields were similar for all groups over the first 20 weeks of lactation, but slightly lower for cows in group FL than for other cows. Cows in group FH lost condition over the first 15 weeks and cows in group FL lost proportionally more condition over the first 12 weeks of lactation. Cows in groups TH and TL increased in condition slightly over the first 20 weeks of lactation. After calving, cows in groups TH and TL had significantly higher intakes of DM, digestible DM and ME than did cows in groups FH and FL (P < 0·001). Cows in group TL had higher intakes than did cows in group TH.Groups TH and FH were in negative energy balance until weeks 10 and 11 respectively. Group FL was in negative energy balance between weeks 4 and 7 and group TL was only in negative energy balance in week 5. The biological efficiency of milk production (energy output in milk/energy intake) was 0·37, 0·35, 0·40 and 0·38 for groups FH, FL, TH and TL respectively.It was concluded that cows which are thin at calving produce more milk directly from food than cows which are fat and are biologically more efficient; higher UDP levels in the diet led to increased negative energy balances but in thin cows this was due to lower food intakes whereas in fat cows this was due to higher milk yields which led to greater losses of condition.
TL;DR: The availability of somatic plant protoplasts, which can be fused together and suitably cultured to produce somatic hybrid plants, is enabling the effects of such hybrid cytoplasms to be investigated in higher plants exhibiting maternal inheritance.
Abstract: In the majority of higher plants there is maternal inheritance of cytoplasmic organelles and, as a consequence, there are few opportunities for the study of the effects on plant phenotype of having cytoplasm initially containing organelles of both parents. Now the availability of somatic plant protoplasts, which can be fused together and suitably cultured to produce somatic hybrid plants, is enabling the effects of such hybrid cytoplasms to be investigated in higher plants exhibiting maternal inheritance. A very wide range of cytoplasmic genetic diversity, including mitochondrial and chloroplast recombinants, can be produced by such somatic hybridizations, and a theoretical model is presented to show the origins of this wide range of cytoplasmic diversity. Cybrids produced by such protoplast fusions have been shown to be of importance in plant breeding especially in relation to transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility and herbicide resistance. Protoplast fusion, including the fusion of gametic and somatic protoplasts, is also enabling the study of the inheritance of cytoplasmic controlled traits in higher plants. ORGANELLE GENETICS in an historical sense has
TL;DR: Impairments in adrenaline response may be common, even in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy and in those who do not complain of Hypoglycaemic unawareness; consequent failure to recognise a falling blood glucose may predispose to a risk of severe hypoglycaemia.
TL;DR: One new tribe and five new genera based on two existing and three new species are described, and an illustrated key is provided to the Old World genera of Braconinae.
Abstract: An illustrated key is provided to the Old World genera of Braconinae. In addition, notes are provided on each genus and on a number of characters employed in the key. One new tribe and five new genera based on two existing and three new species are described. The new taxa are as follows: Angustibracon gen. nov. from India (type-species: Bracon leptogaster Cameron, 1899), Bathyaulacini tribus nov. (type-genus: Bathyaulax Szepligeti, 1906), Cassidibracon gen. nov. from West Africa (type-species: Cassidibracon castus sp. nov.), Serraulax gen. nov. from the Afrotropical Region (type-species: Iphiaulax lukombensis Cameron, 1912), Virgulibracon gen. nov. from Australia (type-species: Virgulibracon vulsus sp. nov.) and Vomeribracon gen. nov. from New Guinea (type-species: Vomeribracon amplipenniger sp. nov.). The Pseudodicrogeniini Achterberg, 1976 is synonymized with the Euurobraconini Ashmead, 1900. Ten new generic synonymies are reported: Atanycolimorpha Viereck, 1913 (= Cyanopterus Haliday, 1835), Caenoprymn...
TL;DR: During two growing seasons (1980–1982), the influence of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of winter and spring wheat was assessed and a linear approximation proved useful in producing a seasonal constant.
TL;DR: The results obtained again highlight the importance of protein degradation in controlling growth and the effects of Revalor or clenbuterol in the diet of wether lambs was studied.
Abstract: The effects of Revalor (trenbolone acetate plus oestradiol) implantation or the inclusion of clenbuterol (a beta-2-adrenergic agonist) in the diet of wether lambs was studied. Using continuous intravenous infusion of [3H]tyrosine the fractional synthetic rate of mixed protein from three separate muscles was measured. Clenbuterol slightly increased growth rate but had a significant (P less than 0.02) effect on food conversion efficiency. The weight and protein content of the longissimus dorsi and vastus lateralis muscles were increased but no such changes were observed for the vastus intermedius. For the longissimus dorsi at least the increase was probably achieved by a reduction in fractional degradation rate of the muscle protein. Revalor significantly increased the growth rate and food conversion efficiency of the animals. This increase was not specific for muscle. Estimated degradation rates of muscle protein were lower in the treated animals. The possible mode of action of these materials was discussed. The results obtained again highlight the importance of protein degradation in controlling growth.