Showing papers by "University of Pittsburgh published in 1974"
TL;DR: Current evidence, though manifestly incomplete and largely circumstantial, warrants a nationwide educational campaign on the potential pathogenicity of habitual, manual, casual whiplash shaking of infants, and on all other habits, practices and procedures in which the heads of infants are habitually jerked and jolted.
Abstract: Our evidence, both direct and circumstantial, indicates that manual whiplash shaking of infants is a common primary type of trauma in the socalled battered infant syndrome. It appears to be the major cause in these infants who suffer from subdural hematomas and intraocular bleedings. The label "battered infant" is a misnomer in many cases which may interfere with early diagnosis and proper preventive treatment. The essential elements in the infantile whiplash shaking syndrome present an extraordinary diagnostic contradiction. They include intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages, in the absence of signs of external trauma to the head or fractures of the calvaria, and are associated with traction lesions of the periosteums of the long bones in the absence of fractures and traumatic changes in the overlying skin of the extremities. Usually there is no history of trauma of any kind. Habitual, prolonged, casual whiplash shakings may produce an insidious progressive clinical picture, the latent whiplash shaken infant syndrome, which is often inapparent to both parents and physicians. It usually first becomes evident at school age when minor idiopathic cerebral motor defects are first detected along with mild idiopathic mental retardation. Permanent impairments of vision and hearing may also be identified at this time for the first time when the children are 5 to 6 years of age. The actual number of such cases is incalculable from current evidence but it appears to be substantial. This concept of the whiplash shaken infant syndrome warrants careful diagnostic consideration in all infants with unexplained convulsions, hyperirritability, bulging fontanel, paralyses, and forceful vomiting singly or in combination. The routine careful examination of the ocular fundi of all infants should provide a superior screening method for early and massive detection of pathogenic whiplash shakings along with radiographic examination of the long bones for confirmation in appropriate cases. Current evidence, though manifestly incomplete and largely circumstantial, warrants a nationwide educational campaign on the potential pathogenicity of habitual, manual, casual whiplash shaking of infants, and on all other habits, practices and procedures in which the heads of infants are habitually jerked and jolted (whiplashed). The proposed nationwide educational campaign against the shaking, slapping, jerking, and jolting of infants9 heads is summarized in the following stanza: Guard well your baby9s precious head, Shake, jerk and slap it never, Lest you bruise his brain and twist his mind, Or whiplash him dead, forever.
584 citations
TL;DR: This apparent prepotency of the visual over the auditory stimulus was seen to persist across a variety of experimental conditions, which included giving Ss verbal instructions to respond to the tone when both stimuli were presented simultaneously.
Abstract: Human Ss matched an auditory and a visual stimulus for subjective magnitude. Then each stimulus was used as a cue in a reaction time task. On occasions when both stimuli were presented simultaneously, Ss’ responding was seen to be dominated by the visual stimulus. Of further interest was the finding that on some occasions of simultaneous light-tone presentation Ss were unaware that the tone had been presented. This apparent prepotency of the visual over the auditory stimulus was seen to persist across a variety of experimental conditions, which included giving Ss verbal instructions to respond to the tone when both stimuli were presented simultaneously.
492 citations
TL;DR: The tonic secretion of LH and of FSH, as reflected by their concentrations in peripheral plasma at times other than during the preovulatory surge, appears to be controlled by a classical negative feedback loop involving, among other components, the ovary and the gonadotrophs of the adenohypophysis.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. The time courses of the circulating gonadotropic hormones during the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey are ascertained after long and arduous methodological struggles and are essentially identical to those described in the human female. These are perceived as being the resultant of relatively continuous or tonic secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) interrupted once every 28 days, on the average, by an abrupt, massive discharge of these hormones, which is represented as “cyclic” secretion by analogy to the basic schema postulated for the rat. In the rhesus monkey, the peak of this midcycle gonadotropin surge precedes ovulation by 37 hours, on the average. Moreover, the tonic secretion of LH and of FSH, as reflected by their concentrations in peripheral plasma at times other than during the preovulatory surge, appears to be controlled by a classical negative feedback loop involving, among other components, the ovary and the gonadotrophs of the adenohypophysis.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two derivations are given for an absolutely continuous bivariate extension of the exponential distribution, which turns out to be the absolutely continuous part of the bivariate exponential distribution of Marshall and Olkin.
Abstract: Two derivations are given for an absolutely continuous bivariate extension of the exponential distribution. This distribution turns out to be the absolutely continuous part of the bivariate exponential distribution of Marshall and Olkin and a variant of the bivariate exponential extension of Freund. One derivation utilizes the loss of memory property (LMP) which Marshall and Olkin used to derive their bivariate exponential distribution. Distributional properties, reliability considerations and estimation for this distribution are discussed. Further, the LMP is characterized for absolutely continuous bivariate random variables (X, Y) through the independence of min (X, Y) and X – Y.
316 citations
TL;DR: No correlation between any specific biochemical assessment of the severity of liver disease and the degree of hormonal derangement was observed, but mean plasma testosterone levels were lower than normal.
286 citations
TL;DR: Heavy growth of anaerobic bacteria in pure culture was obtained from 23 of 83 specimens aseptically removed from chronically infected paranasal sinuses during external frontoethmodectomy or radical antrotomy via the canine fossa, indicating that an aerobic bacteria are an important cause of chronic sinusitis.
Abstract: Heavy growth of anaerobic bacteria in pure culture was obtained from 23 of 83 specimens aseptically removed from chronically infected paranasal sinuses during external frontoethmodectomy or radical antrotomy via the canine fossa. Since these procedures avoid nasal contamination, the data indicate that anaerobic bacteria are an important cause of chronic sinusitis. (N Engl J Med 290:135–137, 1974)
268 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that Em can be given a precise treatment by considering how the value of a problem state changes as the authors vary its conceptualization across a set of basic systemic problem representations.
Abstract: This paper attempts to formulate the error of the third kind, Em. Em. is defined as the probability of having solved the wrong problem when one should have solved the right problem. Em is basic to the notion of systemic problem conceptualization. This paper shows that Em can be given a precise treatment by considering how the value of a problem state changes as we vary its conceptualization across a set of basic systemic problem representations. It is shown that Em can itself be represented as a constrained maximization decision problem.
267 citations
TL;DR: In the Machine Age science not only took the world apart, but it took itself apart, dividing itself into narrower and narrower disciplines as mentioned in this paper, each discipline represented a different way of looking at the same world.
Abstract: In the Machine Age science not only took the world apart, but it took itself apart, dividing itself into narrower and narrower disciplines. Each discipline represented a different way of looking at the same world. Shortly before World War II science began to put itself back together again so that it could study phenomena as a whole, from all points of view. As a result, a host of new interdisciplines emerged such as Operations Research, Cybernetics, Systems Engineering, Communications Sciences, and Environmental Sciences. Unlike earlier scientific disciplines which sought to separate themselves from each other and to subdivide; the new interdisciplines seek to enlarge themselves, to combine to take into account more and more aspects of reality. Systems Science is the limit of this process, an amalgamation of all the parts of science into an integrated whole. Thus, Systems Science is not a science, but is science taken as a whole and applied to the study of wholes.
254 citations
244 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a procedure which analytically ties a model to predict users' predispositions to purchase different brands in a product market together with a search process to identify optimal new product ideas.
Abstract: This paper suggests a procedure which analytically ties a model to predict users' predispositions to purchase different “brands” in a product-market together with a search process to identify optimal new product ideas. Brands, conceptualized as attribute bundles, are located in a prespecified attribute space. The painwise preference judgments of each individual in a representative sample drawn from the population of users are analyzed using the authors' LINMAP procedure LINear programming techniques for Multidimensional Analysis of Preferences to determine his ideal point and salience weights for the attributes of the space. A distance model of choice is postulated for each user and used to predict his probability of choosing nonexisting products. The models developed for each user are tied to methods for searching the product space to find “best” locations for new products. The proposed procedures are discussed and evaluated in the light of relevant conceptual and empirical research. The paper concludes with a discussion of additional applications of the behavioral framework of LINMAP to other marketing decision areas.
244 citations
TL;DR: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery has been surgically corrected by means of a technique that avoids direct suturing of the coronary artery itself.
Abstract: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery has been surgically corrected by means of a technique that avoids direct suturing of the coronary artery itself. The anomalous left coronary artery is removed from the pulmonary artery with a cuff of pulmonary artery tissue about its orifice. In a five-and-one-half-year-old patient the anomalous coronary artery was anastomosed directly to the aorta using this technique. In another patient, seven months of age, the anomalous coronary artery could not be anastomosed directly to the aorta and a segment of the patient's subclavian artery was interposed between the left coronary artery and the aorta to complete the anastomosis. In the latter patient, profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest were used during construction of the anastomosis in an attempt to minimize further myocardial damage. The establishment of a two coronary artery system has been demonstrated to be feasible in the infant or young child with this anomaly.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the following properties are not preserved by passage to the free abelian group: normal, k- sequential, Frechet, Lindelof, paracompact, countably compact, sequentially compact, etc.
Abstract: Main Theorem. The free abelian topological group over a Tychonoff1 space contains as a closed subspace a homeomorphic copy of each finite power of the space. A major and immediate corollary of this theorem is: If P is a closed hereditary property of Tychonoff spaces, and if the free abelian topological group over a Tychonoff spaces has P , then so does every finite power of the space. In particular, the corollary shows that the following properties are not preserved by passage to the free abelian group: normal, k- sequential, Frechet, Lindelof, paracompact, pseudocompact, countably compact, sequentially compact, etc.
TL;DR: Evidence that sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles in the homogenate are functionally the same as those in the isolated fraction was obtained, and an estimate of the ability of the cardiac sarcoplasmsicreticulum to bind calcium was provided.
Abstract: A method was developed to estimate the amount of calcium which can be bound to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the dog heart. Incubation conditions that permitted calcium oxalate uptake (steady-state filling or uptake rate) to be used as a marker for sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles in homogenates and microsomal fractions were developed. By dividing the values for peak steady-state filling of a cardiac homogenate by those for peak steady-state filling of a sarcotubular-enriched fraction, we obtained a sarcoplasmic reticulum-homogenate ratio with units of mg sarcoplasmic reticulum x P/g wet heart, where P is the unknown fractional purity of the microsomal fraction. The mean value for the sarcoplasmic reticulum-homogenate ratio obtained from the steady-state filling studies was 6.9 mg sarcoplasmic reticulum x P/g wet heart. Similar values, 6.5 and 7.1 mg sarcoplasmic reticulum x P/g wet heart, were obtained when the rate of calcium oxalate uptake was used as the functional parameter for calculation of the sarc...
TL;DR: A possible biochemnical mechanism for the sterility of chronic alcoholics is identified through inhibited oxidation of retinol by testicular homogenates containing alcohol dehydrogenase.
Abstract: Vitanin A (retinol) is essential for spermatogenesis. Alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for ethanol metabolism, is also required for the conversion of retinol to bioactive retinal at the end organ site. Ethanol inhibits the oxidation of retinol by testicular homogenates containing alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus, a possible biochemnical mechanism for the sterility of chronic alcoholics is identified.
TL;DR: Taste recognition thresholds and psychophysical intensity functions were determined for NaCl, sucrose, QHC1, urea, and citric acid for four loci on the tongue and on the soft palate and showed greater differences between loci than previously reported.
Abstract: Taste recognition thresholds and psychophysical intensity functions were determined for NaCl, sucrose, QHC1, urea, and citric acid for four loci on the tongue and on the soft palate. The results showed greater differences between loci than previously reported. Contrary to older data, the threshold for bitter was found to be lower for the fungiform papillae at the front of the tongue and for the soft palate than for the vallate papillae. For all compounds, the slopes of the intensity functions varied with the locus of stimulation. The functions for most compounds were steepest at the vallate and foliate loci.
TL;DR: In this article, the crossover behavior of the susceptibilities of spin systems with anisotropic exchange coupling is discussed on the basis of an "extended" scaling hypothesis, which gives the following results:
Abstract: The crossover behavior of the susceptibilities ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ of spin systems with anisotropic exchange coupling is discussed on the basis of an "extended" scaling hypothesis which gives ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}}(T,g)\ensuremath{\approx}A{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}{X}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(\frac{Bg}{{t}^{\ensuremath{\varphi}}})$, where $g$ is the anisotropy parameter, $t=\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c0})}{{T}_{c0}}$, with ${T}_{c0}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ being the iso tropic critical temperature, and susceptibility exponent, while $A$ and $B$ are model-dependent amplitudes. Analysis of high-temperature series expansions for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}}(T,g)$ as polynomials in $g$ for rhombic and axial anisotropy in the fcc, bcc, and simple cubic classical Heisenberg ($n=3$) and classical $XY$ and planar-spin models ($N=2$), verifies the scaling with crossover exponents $\ensuremath{\varphi}=1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ ($n=3$) and $\ensuremath{\varphi}=1.175\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ ($n=2$). The universality of the scaling functions ${X}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(x)$ is demonstrated both for small $x$ and in the anisotropic limit $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}(g)$, where $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{x}$; for $n=3$, accurate representations are constructed in the form ${X}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(x)\ensuremath{\simeq}{P}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(\frac{x}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{x}}){(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{x}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{x}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$, where $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is the anisotropic susceptibility exponent, while ${P}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(z)$ varies smoothly from ${P}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(0)=1$ to ${P}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(1)\ensuremath{\simeq}1.10$.
TL;DR: The surface morphology and optical properties of Mercury resemble those of the moon in remarkable detail and record a very similar sequence of events, suggesting Mercury is probably a differentiated planet with a large iron-rich core.
Abstract: The surface morphology and optical properties of Mercury resemble those of the moon in remarkable detail and record a very similar sequence of events. Chemical and mineralogical similarity of the outer layers of Mercury and the moon is implied; Mercury is probably a differentiated planet with a large iron-rich core. Differentiation is inferred to have occurred very early. No evidence of atmospheric modification of landforms has been found. Large-scale scarps and ridges unlike lunar or martian features may reflect a unique period of planetary compression near the end of heavy bombardment by small planetesimals.
TL;DR: The results of sedimentation velocity centrifugation studies showed that the phosphate-independent glutaminase isoenzyme was contained in an organelle distinct from mitochondria, and may be contained in some as yet unidentified organelle.
TL;DR: An infant with subclinical congenital hypothyroidism was successfully detected by a screening test which measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (T.S.H.) in umbilical cord serum, helping to significantly reduce the number of patients with irreversible mental retardation caused by untreated congenital Hypothyroidistan.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that cyclic AMP regulates cytoplasmic calcium by controlling the mitochondrial calcium efflux rate is supported and may be involved in the regulation of calcium transport and in some hormonal effects mediated by cyclicAMP.
Abstract: The effect of cyclic AMP on subcellular calcium turnover was studied in isolated kidney, liver and heart mitochondria. The calcium concentration of the incubating medium was determined by fluorometric methods after its separation by millipore filtration. Liver and kidney mitochondria take up calcium in exchange for H+ and lower the medium calcium to 1 to 40×10−6
m in less than 2 min. Cyclic AMP produces an instantaneous release of calcium from mitochondria and a rise in the steady-state calcium concentration of the medium. A new medium calcium level of 0.7 to 3×10−4
m is achieved in less than 3 sec and is proportional to cyclic AMP concentrations between 10−7 and 3×10−6
m. Cyclic AMP is inactive above 5×10−6
m and below 10−7
m. Cyclic IMP, 5′ AMP, dibutyryl cAMP are inactive at any concentration. Cyclic GMP is active at 10−5
m and competitively inhibits cyclic AMP action. The same staedy-state calcium level is reached from higher or, lower calcium concentrations, i.e. whether cyclic AMP is added before or after the addition of calcium to the mitochondrial suspension. At low calcium or phosphate concentrations, the calcium released by cyclic AMP is immediately reaccumulated by the mitochondria is less than 2 min with a further release of H+. This “pulse” can be repeated by sequential additions of cyclic AMP. The transient or sustained response to cyclic AMP depends on the medium calcium x phosphate product and presumably on the presence or absence of calcium phosphate precipitate inside the mitochondria. These results support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP regulates cytoplasmic calcium by controlling the mitochondrial calcium efflux rate. This mechanism may be involved in the regulation of calcium transport and in some hormonal effects mediated by cyclic AMP.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Glauber amplitude formula has been applied to elastic and inelastic collisions of charged particles with neutral atoms, both for potential scattering and for composite collisions, and a number of possible problems for future research are listed.
Abstract: Applications of the Glauber approximation to elastic and inelastic collisions of charged particles with neutral atoms are critically reviewed in an attempt to assess the utility of the Glauber approximation in the atomic collisions domain. Various alternative derivations of the Glauber amplitude formula, both for potential scattering and for composite collisions, also are described and compared. A number of possible problems for future research are listed.
TL;DR: A possible involvement of angiotensin as a rapid and direct facilitator of sodium intake (apart from a slow and indirect role through stimulation of aldosterone release) has not yet been reported and some evidence suggests that angiotensor may not play any significant role in regulating sodium intake in the rat.
Abstract: ANGIOTENSIN II induces short-latency water intake when infused intravascularly or injected into certain brain regions of mammals1,2. But conceptual difficulties arise if one asks why this should be so, and whether the data reflect real physiological actions. For example, angiotensin is a pressor hormone formed from kidney-based renin in response to challenge such as hypotension and hypovolaemia3–7. Water ingestion, in itself, is not an adaptive response to such challenges, since most ingested water is distributed intracellularly and will not relieve a vascular crisis. An adaptive response to hypotension or hypovolaemia would involve ingestion of an isotonic mix of fluids, since this would most rapidly and effectively increase vascular volume. In fact, hypovolaemia does result in an immediate increase in preference for isotonic saline over water and a delayed (6–10 h) acceptance of unpalatable hypertonic salt solutions8,9. But, a possible involvement of angiotensin as a rapid and direct facilitator of sodium intake (apart from a slow and indirect role through stimulation of aldosterone release) has not yet been reported and some evidence suggests that angiotensin may not play any significant role in regulating sodium intake in the rat10–12.
TL;DR: In this article, a behavioral weight-reduction program incorporating self-monitoring of food intake was presented, which was compared with post-behavioral monitoring (Pt.M), a nonmonitoring condition (N.M.) and a waiting list control condition (W.L.).
TL;DR: The significance and validity of incorporation and dilution values in radioisotope tracer work are reviewed in this article, where the parallels between specific activity and enrichment factor are drawn.
TL;DR: In this paper, the kinetics of low-temperature oxidation of crude oils in porous media was studied and the activation energy of the reaction was insensitive to the type of crude or porous medium and is in the neighborhood of 31,000 btu/lb mol.
Abstract: The kinetics of low-temperature oxidation (LTO) of crude oils in porous media was studied. The order of the reaction was dependent upon the crude but independent of the properties of the porous medium. The activation energy of the reaction was insensitive to the type of crude or porous medium and is in the neighborhood of 31,000 btu/lb mol. LTO reactions also were found to be in the kinetics- influenced region. The measured reaction rates for a 19.9$ API and a 27.1$ API crude indicated higher oxidation rates under similar reaction conditions for the higher API gravity crude. Thus, light crudes are more susceptible to partial oxidation at low temperatures because of their relatively high hydrogen content. Effect of partial oxidation of the crude on the in situ combustion process was studied by experimentally simulating the zones preceding the combustion front where temperatures and injection rates of a linear reservoir model were programed with time according to a predesigned schedule. Oxidation of the crude at temperatures below 400/sup 0/F had significant effects on the behavior of the crude oil-water system in the porous medium at elevated temperatures and on the fuel available for combustion. (22 refs.)
TL;DR: The Mariner 10 television camieras imaged the planet Venus in the visible and near ultraviolet for a period of 8 days at resolutions ranging from 100 meters to 130 kilometers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Mariner 10 television camieras imaged the planet Venus in the visible and near ultraviolet for a period of 8 days at resolutions ranging from 100 meters to 130 kilometers. Tle general pattern of the atmospheric circulation in the upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric region is displayed in the pictures. Atmospheric flow is symmetrical between north and south hemispheres. The equatorial motions are zonal (east-west) at approxiimnately 100 meters per second, consistent with the previously inferred 4-day retrograde rotation. Angular velocity increases with latitude. The subsolar region, and the region downwind from it, show evidence of large-scale convection that persists in spite of the main zonal motion. Dynamical interaction between the zonal motion and the relatively stationary region of convection is evidenced by bowlike waves.