University of South Africa

About: University of South Africa is a education organization based out in Pretoria, South Africa. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Context (language use) & Population. The organization has 8478 authors who have published 19960 publications receiving 237688 citations. The organization is also known as: Unisa.

Emerging Patterns of Social Identification in Postapartheid South Africa

Abstract: Theorists acknowledge the possibility of multiple group identification where groups are imbedded in hierarchical structures that can change as the environment changes. This article investigates national, subnational, and supranational identification and the possible impact of social and political change on identity structures in South Africa. The results of three surveys conducted in 1994, 1998, and 2001 are discussed. While national and African identities have apparently strengthened among Blacks since 1994, national identification seems to have diminished among Afrikaans-speaking Whites in favor of ethnic identification. Some potential consequences of and directions for future research are discussed. Social identity theory holds that we integrate membership of social groups as the social component of our self-concepts (Tajfel, 1981), implying that the self is at least partially defined by membership of social groups. The social and political position of the ingroup (or own group) in relation to relevant outgroups (or other groups) consequently becomes psychologically significant and can be associated with various forms of social and political behavior. Analysts acknowledge the possibility of individuals identifying with multiple social groups (Deaux, 1993). Deaux proposes a hierarchical structure in which identitiesatthetop—usuallyrelatedtonationality,race,ethnicity,and/orculture— are usually of a more primary and extensive nature, are relevant in a number of situations,andhaveamoreprofoundinfluenceonattitudesandbehavior.Identities lowerdownthehierarchicalstructureareusuallyrelatedtospecificinterestgroups,

Effects of Co and Ru Intimacy in Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts Using Hollow Carbon Sphere Supports: Assessment of the Hydrogen Spillover Processes

Abstract: Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (MHCSs) were synthesized (d = 290 nm; carbon shell 20–35 nm), and their hollow morphology was exploited to study the influence of Ru nanoparticle location relative to Co3O4 nanoparticles on the reduction behavior and activity of Co Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. Ru nanoparticles were loaded both inside and outside the MHCS, while Co3O4 particles (ca. Co 15 wt % loading) were loaded on the outside of the MHCS. The use of in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and temperature-programmed reduction studies on the catalysts indicated the effect of Ru location on the Co3O4 reduction pathways. A secondary hydrogen spillover effect was invoked to explain a complete reduction of the Co3O4 on Ru@MHCS@Co at 450 °C. Secondary hydrogen spillover enhanced the CoO to Co transformation by lowering the reduction temperature when compared to the unpromoted catalyst. Primary hydrogen spillover was inferred to explain the complete reduction of Co3O4 to Co metal on CoRu/MHCS at 300 °C. After cata...