Showing papers by "University of Southern California published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, the SPR Board provides recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA) and a short outline of principles for EDA measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated.
Abstract: This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand-alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current-to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided.
1,609 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate whether the simple one-period capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is misspecified or capital markets are inefficient, and find that portfolios based on firm size or earnings/price (E/P) ratios experience average returns systematically different from those predicted by the CAPM.
1,331 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a universal description of low-energy properties of one-dimensional quantum fluids, based on a harmonic theory of long-wavelength density fluctuations with use of renormalized parameters, is outlined.
Abstract: A universal description of the low-energy properties of one-dimensional quantum fluids, based on a harmonic theory of long-wavelength density fluctuations with use of renormalized parameters, is outlined. The structure of long-distance correlations of a spinless fluid is obtained, showing the essential similarity of one-dimensional Bose and Fermi fluids. The results are illustrated by application to the one-dimensional Bose fluid with $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function interaction.
834 citations
805 citations
TL;DR: SDM as mentioned in this paper is a high-level semantics-based database description and structuring formalism for databases, which is designed to capture more of the meaning of an application environment than is possible with contemporary database models.
Abstract: SDM is a high-level semantics-based database description and structuring formalism (database model) for databases. This database model is designed to capture more of the meaning of an application environment than is possible with contemporary database models. An SDM specification describes a database in terms of the kinds of entities that exist in the application environment, the classifications and groupings of those entities, and the structural interconnections among them. SDM provides a collection of high-level modeling primitives to capture the semantics of an application environment. By accommodating derived information in a database structural specification, SDM allows the same information to be viewed in several ways; this makes it possible to directly accommodate the variety of needs and processing requirements typically present in database applications. The design of the present SDM is based on our experience in using a preliminary version of it.SDM is designed to enhance the effectiveness and usability of database systems. An SDM database description can serve as a formal specification and documentation tool for a database; it can provide a basis for supporting a variety of powerful user interface facilities, it can serve as a conceptual database model in the database design process; and, it can be used as the database model for a new kind of database management system.
745 citations
TL;DR: It was proposed in 1951 that contracting muscle fibers liberate creatine, which acts to produce an acceptor effect--later called respiratory control--on the muscle mitochondria, which established a molecular basis for a phosphorylcreatine-creatine shuttle for energy transport in heart and skeletal muscle.
Abstract: In order to explain the insulin-like effect of exercise, it was proposed in 1951 that contracting muscle fibers liberate creatine, which acts to produce an acceptor effect--later called respiratory control--on the muscle mitochondria. The development of this notion paralleled the controversy between biochemists and physiologists over the delivery of energy for muscle contraction. With the demonstration of functional compartmentation of creatine kinase on the mitochondrion, it became clear that the actual form of energy transport in the muscle fiber is phosphorylcreatine. The finding of an isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase attached to the M-line region of the myofibril revealed the peripheral receptor for the mitochondrially generated phosphorylcreatine. This established a molecular basis for a phosphorylcreatine-creatine shuttle for energy transport in heart and skeletal muscle and provided an explanation for the inability to demonstrate experimentally a direct relation between muscle activity and the concentrations of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate.
739 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results indicated that the maximal energy reconstitution rate (b) was correlated with the onset of anaerobic threshold (AT) as determined by the gas exchange method.
Abstract: Monod and Scherrer (1965) showed that there was a linear relation between the maximal work and the maximal time over which the work was performed until the onset of local muscular exhaustion. This linear relation could be expressed by the equation: W lim =a+bT lim, where maximal work (Wlim) was thought to result from the use of an energy reserve (a) and an energy reconstitution whose maximal rate was (b) We have extended this concept to total body work (bicycle ergometer). Eight male and eight female college students underwent exercise tests at 400, 350, 300,275 and 300,250,200,175 W respectively, to the onset of fatigue. The regression analysis revealed that the linearity of individual plots was found to be 0-982
577 citations
01 Apr 1981
TL;DR: A systematic survey of the theoretical/experimental work accomplished in the area of digital phase-locked loops (DPLL's) during the period of 1960 to 1980, thereby offering speedy access to the techniques and hardware developments which have been presented in a scattered literature.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic survey of the theoretical/experimental work accomplished in the area of digital phase-locked loops (DPLL's) during the period of 1960 to 1980. The DPLL represents the heart of the Building blocks required in the implementation of coherent (all digital) communications and tracking receivers. This survey is particularly motivated by the fact that microprocessor technology is advancing rapidly to the extent that sophisticated and flexible signal processing algorithms for communications and control can be realized in the digital domain. In fact, it is anticipated that the use of this signal processing technology will continue to expand rapidly in the development of advanced communications and tracking receivers, e.g., all digital modems. Consequently, one major purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a survey and an overview of the theoretical and experimental work accomplished to date, thereby offering speedy access to the techniques and hardware developments which have been presented in a scattered literature. In addition, the authors feel that a tutorial article revealing the various theories, their relationships to one another, their shortcomings, their advantages and the assumptions on which each is based, would be of tremendous value to the engineer trying to decide what particular analysis procedure is applicable to his peculiar problem. Consequently, a byproduct of this presentation will be to point out unsolved problems of practical interest. A broad class of digital modulation techniques, viz. I-Q modulations and demodulation, are studied in a rather general way.
568 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bode magnitude versus frequency plots of the singular values of the return difference matrix I + L and of the associated inverse-return difference were quantitatively described and design tradeoffs were discussed.
Abstract: For linear time-invariant multivariable feedback systems, the feedback properties of plant disturbance attenuation, sensor noise response, stability margins, and sensitivity to plant and sensor variation are quantitatively related to the Bode magnitude versus frequency plots of the singular values of the return difference matrix I + L and of the associated inverse-return difference matrix I + L^{-1} . Implied fundamental limits of feedback performance are quantitatively described and design tradeoffs are discussed. The penalty function in the stochastic linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control problem is found to be a weighted-sum of the singular values, with the weights determined by the quadratic cost and noise intensity matrices. This enables systematic "tuning" of LQG cost and noise matrices so that the resulting optimal return difference and inversereturn difference meet inequality constraints derived from design specifications on feedback properties. The theory has been used to synthesize a multivariable automatic controller for the longitudinal dynamics of an advanced fighter aircraft.
550 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a feedback mechanism is responsible for the sudden change observed in the pressure fluctuations at the onset of resonance in a high-speed subsonic jet impinging on a flat plate.
Abstract: In a high-speed subsonic jet impinging on a flat plate, the surface pressure fluctuations have a broad spectrum due to the turbulent nature of the high-Reynolds-number jet. However, these pressure fluctuations dramatically change their pattern into almost periodic waves, if the plate is placed close to the nozzle (x0/d < 7·5). In the present study extensive measurements of the near-field pressure provide solid support for the hypothesis that a feedback mechanism is responsible for the sudden change observed in the pressure fluctuations at the onset of resonance. The feedback loop consists of two elements: the downstream-convected coherent structures and upstream-propagating pressure waves generated by the impingement of the coherent structures on the plate. The upstream-propagating waves and the coherent structures are phase-locked at the nozzle exit. The upstream-propagating waves excite the thin shear layer near the nozzle lip and produce periodic coherent structures. The period is determined by the convection speed of the coherent structures, the speed of the upstream-propagating waves as well as the distance between the nozzle and the plate. An instability process, herein referred to as the ‘collective interaction’, was found to be critical in closing the feedback loop near the nozzle lip.
436 citations
TL;DR: In this article, rank weighting of dimensions has been examined in three multi-attribute decision-making studies using four rank weight weighting techniques as well as equal weights in order to examine the practical significance of this sensitivity.
TL;DR: It is concluded that an inventory of self-reported creative activities and accomplishments is the most defensible technique for selecting creative individuals.
Abstract: Presently available criteria of creativity are reviewed and classified into ten categories: tests of divergent thinking, attitude and interest inventories, personality inventories, biographical inventories, teacher nominations, peer nominations, supervisor ratings, judgments of products, eminence and self-reported creative activities and achievements. These techniques for measuring creativity are then criticized in terms of their reliability, discriminant validity, dimensionality and convergent validity. It is concluded that an inventory of self-reported creative activities and accomplishments is the most defensible technique for selecting creative individuals.
TL;DR: Comparison with deceased controls gave a similar relative risk, and other risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, including hypertension, diabetes, stroke, angina pectoris, and heavy cigarette smoking, were confirmed by this study.
TL;DR: This paper used items from the LBDQ-XII Initiating Structure and Consideration subscales to create a written description of a fictitious manager and then asked participants to complete a questionnaire containing the twenty items.
Abstract: The prevailing conventional wisdom is that it is advisable to mix positively and negatively worded items in psychological measures to counteract acquiescence response bias. However, there has been virtually no unambiguous empirical evidence to support this recommendation. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of subjects to respond accurately to both positive and reversed (negative) items on a questionnaire. Items from the LBDQ—XII Initiating Structure and Consideration subscales were used to create a written description of a fictitious manager. One hundred-fifty subjects, all upper-division business undergraduates, were given the written managerial description and then asked to complete a questionnaire containing the twenty Initiating Structure and Consideration items. The managerial descriptions were in two forms (to portray high and low Initiating Structure), and the questionnaires contained items in three forms (all positively worded, all negatively worded, and mixed). The data wer...
TL;DR: It is concluded that optimal sampling and preexperiment simulation may be useful tools for designing informative pharmacokinetic experiments.
Abstract: A sequential estimation procedure is presented which uses optimal sampling times to estimate the parameters of a model from data obtained from a group of subjects. This optimal sampling sequential estimation procedure utilizes parameter estimates from previous subjects in the group to determine the optimal sampling times for the next subject. Parameter estimates obtained from the optimal sampling procedure are compared to those obtained from a conventional sampling scheme by using Monte Carlo simulations which include noise terms for both assay error and intersubject variability. The results of these numerical experiments, for the two examples considered here, show that the parameter estimates obtained from data collected at optimal sampling times have significantly less variability than those generated using the conventional sampling procedure. We conclude that optimal sampling and preexperiment simulation may be useful tools for designing informative pharmacokinetic experiments.
TL;DR: The report reviews and evaluates the current literature on chemically induced specific locus mutations in the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell line, and discusses the protocols for quantitative mutation studies including measurements of cytotoxicity, mutant expression times, mutant selection agents, cell densities during selection, and the stability and verification of mutant phenotypes.
Abstract: The report reviews and evaluates the current literature (about 125 primary publications) on chemically induced specific locus mutations in the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell line. The V79 cell is convenient to use for mutagenesis studies since it has a rapid growth rate, high plating efficiency, and a stable karyotype. Mutation can be easily measured at either the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase or the Na+/K+ ATPase locus, both of which have been well characterized. Other less-studied markers are also described. We discuss the protocols for quantitative mutation studies including measurements of cytotoxicity, mutant expression times, mutant selection agents, cell densities during selection, and the stability and verification of mutant phenotypes. Mutations in the V79 cells by chemicals that require activation can be tested after their metabolism by cell homogenates or by intact cells, and the results with each type of activation are compared. For purposes of analysis, we classified a compound as mutagenic if it induced a mutation frequency that is at least 3 times higher than the spontaneous mutant frequency reported for that specific experiment. By this criterion two-thirds of the chemicals analyzed were mutagenic--; 11% with and 55% without metabolic activation. Of the 191 chemicals examined; 119 were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 25 were nitro or nitroso compounds, 9 were alkyl halides; 7 were purine or pyrimidine derivatives and the remaining 31 were from other chemical classes. We also defined mutagenic potency as the concentration of a compound that increases the mutant frequency by 10 times the spontaneous frequency. Mutagenic potencies of the compounds examined varied over a range of 5 X 10(6). We have also found large interlaboratory variations in the mutagenic potencies. Such variation in potency could be reduced by normalizing the results to a standard mutagen such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The role of the V79 assay in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing is discussed and recommendations are suggested for future investigation.
TL;DR: The authors empirically examined economic factors potentially influencing firms' decisions to expense or capitalize interest prior to the SEC moratorium and found that the choice may be affected by the existence of management compensation agreements tied to reported earnings, debt covenant constraints, and the political costs of reporting higher earnings.
TL;DR: The strategies used by 40 chronic schizophrenic out-patients with persistent auditory hallucinations to cope with the intrusive phenomena were explored and successful coping appeared to result from systematic application of widely used coping strategies.
Abstract: The strategies used by 40 chronic schizophrenic out-patients with persistent auditory hallucinations to cope with the intrusive phenomena were explored. Frequent coping mechanisms included changes in activity, interpersonal contact, manipulations of physiological arousal, and attentional control. A high risk of suicide was noted.Coping behaviour appeared somewhat independent of clinical and sociodemographic variables. Successful coping appeared to result from systematic application of widely used coping strategies. The implications for the clinical management of patients with persistent auditory hallucinations are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the power-law creep behavior of polycrystalline magnesium over the temperature range from 473 to 820 K. The results show the occurrence of three different mechanisms, with the creep process depending on the testing temperature and stress level.
TL;DR: Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean, reflecting major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography.
Abstract: Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean. The isotopic record reflects major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography, probably dominated by a major phase of Antarctic ice-cap growth. The transition from a relatively unglaciated world to one similar to today occurred between 16.5 x 10(6) and 13 x 10(6) years before the present, with the greatest change occurring between approximately 14.8 x 10(6) and 14.0 x 10(6) years before the present.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that rational choice in a stationary environment can lead to erratic behavior when preferences depend on experience, i.e., choice sequences that do not converge to a long-run stationary value or to any periodic pattern.
Abstract: In this paper we show that rational choice in a stationary environment can lead to erratic behaviour when preferences depend on experience. We mean by erratic behaviour choice sequences that do not converge to a long-run stationary value or to any periodic pattern. Early investigations of the effects of experience on choice goes back to Pareto (see also Benhabib (1979)); some Keynesian theories of the consumption function incorporate the effects of experience and habit formation on current levels of consumption (Duesenberry (1949), Modigliani (1949) and Brown (1952)); a general model of experience dependent choice was described in Day (1970) and investigated in Day and Kennedy (1971) while the specific issue of the existence of stable representable long-run consumer demand when tastes vary endogenously has been treated by Gorman (1967), Pollak (1970, 1976), Weizsaicker (1971), McCarthy (1974) and Hammond (1976). Pollak gave conditions for the representability of long-run choice when the equations of preference dependence are linear and utility additive. Hammond, in a generalization of these findings, provides conditions for stable, representable long run choice when preferences are acyclic, a condition which in essence assures convergence to a long-run choice.
TL;DR: The observations of a number of objects by the Voyager EUV instruments are summarized in this article, and the summary is considered to demonstrate the wide ranging application of the EUV spectroscopy and emphasizes the continuing importance of the search and discovery nature of spectroscopic techniques.
Abstract: The observations of a number of objects by the Voyager EUV instruments are summarized. The summary is considered to demonstrate the wide ranging application of the EUV spectroscopy. It also marks an important step forward in spectrography and emphasizes the continuing importance of the search and discovery nature of spectroscopic techniques.
TL;DR: The cymochoid isopods of the eastern Pacific are presented, with descriptions, figures, ranges and comments on their host relationships, and a phylogeny for the family Cymodioidae is proposed.
TL;DR: Overall, 26 of 31 IUGR fetuses demonstrated decreased qualitative AFV, and perinatal morbidity was increased tenfold in patients with decreased AFV.
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemistry, thermochemistry and kinetics of hydrocarbon oxidation are described with emphasis on the cool flame regime from 200-400°C over which the initial chemistry changes from hydroperoxide production to H 2 O 2 production.
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01 Jan 1981TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the salient features of coherent Raman spectroscopy is given, including typical spectra produced by each technique, and the relevant noise contribution to each of these techniques is developed within the framework of a comparative signal-to-noise analysis, and realistic detection limits are discussed.
Abstract: A review of the salient features of five coherent Raman techniques is given, including typical spectra produced by each technique. The resonant and nonresonant signal contributions in the monochromatic plane wave limit are calculated for: (1) Coherent AntiStokes Raman Spectroscopy(CARS); (2) a polarization technique referred to as ASTERISK; (3) Raman-induced Kerr-effect Spectroscopy(RIKES); (4) Optically Heterodyned RIKES (OHD-RIKES); (5) Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (SRS). The relevant noise contribution to each of these techniques is developed within the framework of a comparative signal-to-noise analysis, and realistic detection limits are discussed. The OHD-RIKES technique is selected as the most viable of the coherent Raman techniques which satisfies the following criteria: (A) suppression of nonresonant background signals and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio; (b) simplicity of operation and interpretation of results. This is the first known application of optical heterodyne detection and optimization to coherent Raman spectroscopy, and the principles developed are generally applicable to all forms of third-order nonlinear spectroscopu.
TL;DR: Valsalva ratio was normal in patients with chronic illness and significantly reduced, and blood levels of norepinephrine and the response to NE infusion were also evaluated.
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the delayed rise of E2 in older mice contributes to their prolonged cycles, and the increased E2:P ratio in PVC mice creates a relatively unopposed estrogenic milieu which may accelerate the development of the pituitary tumors and hypothalamic dysfunction that characterize aged female mice.
Abstract: Midday plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in aging C57BL/6J mice showing either prolonged estrous cycles or persistent vaginal cornification (PVC). In younger mice (5.5-7.5 months), the modal cycle length was 4 days, and the profiles of these hormones during the cycle were similar to those previously reported. By 10-12.5 months, the modal cycle length had increased to 5 days. Although midday levels of P were unimpaired at this age, the profile of E2 was markedly altered. Proestrus (Day 1) and estrus (Day 2) levels of E2 were indistinguishable from those of younger mice, but basal values on Day 3 and the preovulatory rise beginning on Day 4 were reduced in older mice by 80% and 45%, respectively. As a result, attainment of preovulatory levels of E2 equivalent to those of younger mice was delayed by about 1 day, which corresponded to the average net increase in median cycle length at this age. In 14-month-old PVC mice, levels of E2 were comparable to the basal values of younger cycling mice and threefold greater than ovariectomized values. However, P levels were 50% lower than basal values in cycling mice and indistinguishable from values in ovariectomized mice. Consequently, the E2:P ratio was elevated nearly twofold in PVC mice. Because transient experimental suppression of the preovulatory rise of E2 lengthens estrous cycles in young rodents, we hypothesize that the delayed rise of E2 in older mice contributes to their prolonged cycles. In addition, the increased E2:P ratio in PVC mice creates a relatively unopposed estrogenic milieu which may accelerate the development of the pituitary tumors and hypothalamic dysfunction that characterize aged female mice.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the longitudinal collective spectrum of a spatially separated two-component, two-dimensional plasma using a generalized random-phase approximation and showed that the spatial separation between the two charge components makes it possible for the acoustic branch to move out of the electron-hole continua of both the components.
Abstract: Longitudinal collective spectrum of a spatially separated, two-component, two-dimensional plasma is investigated using a generalized random-phase approximation. Such plasmas can be realized in semiconductor heterojunctions, superlattices, and inversion or accumulation layers. In general two modes are found to exist: the one with energy proportional to $\sqrt{q}$ at long wavelengths is the usual optical plasmon and the other with energy proportional to $q$ at long wavelengths is the acoustic plasmon. It is shown that the spatial separation between the two charge components makes it possible for the acoustic branch to move out of the electron-hole continua of both the components provided it exceeds a critical value. Consequently the acoustic-plasmon mode is totally undamped at long wavelength. The dynamic structure factor of the system is analyzed and the feasibility of observing an acoustic plasmon in GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ double quantum well is discussed.