Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Virology in 2011"

TL;DR: Some of the most potent antiviral effectors reinforce the system by further inducing IFN or ISGs, suggesting that some viruses may have evolved to co-opt IFN effectors for a survival advantage.

TL;DR: The current state of bacteriophage genomics shows that the genetic diversity of the population is very high, that phages have been actively evolving for billions of years with active engagement of horizontal genetic exchange, and that their genomes are consequently pervasively mosaic in their architectures.

TL;DR: The type I and III interferon (IFN) families consist of cytokines rapidly induced during viral infection that confer antiviral protection on target cells and are critical components of innate immune responses and the transition to effective adaptive immunity.

TL;DR: The intrinsic potential for virus discovery through viral metagenomics can help advance a wide array of disciplines including evolutionary biology, pathogen surveillance, and biotechnology.

TL;DR: Mechanisms of positive and negative regulation of RLR signaling have been identified that include signaling crosstalk between RLR pathways and nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) pathways and Caspase networks.

TL;DR: Analysis of ultra-deep sequencing data obtained from diverse virus populations is challenging because of PCR and sequencing errors and short read lengths, such that the experiment provides only indirect evidence of the underlying viral population structure.

TL;DR: This paper will review the currently approved and investigational antiviral agents and the mechanisms of resistance that impact their activity and identify several classes of antivirals and immune modulators under investigation.

TL;DR: The question ‘Are bats different, special or exceptional?’ has become a focal point in the field of virology, bat biology and virus-host co-evolution and is examined in a relatively unconventional way.

TL;DR: This review discusses how three supergroups of (+)RNA viruses generate replication sites from membrane-bound organelles and highlights research on perinuclear factories induced by the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of the innate immune recognition of viruses and the differential connection to the adaptive immune responses induced by infection or vaccination are discussed, with a particular focus on the influenza virus.

TL;DR: This review article summarizes previous and more recent advances into the molecular and structural characteristics, with particular emphasis on host–receptor interactions, that drove this remarkable virus disease outbreak in human populations.

TL;DR: The A. albopictus-adaptive A226V substitution that is facilitating the dramatic geographic spread CHIKV epidemics, was prevented for decades or longer from being selected in most African enzootic strains as well as in the older endemic Asian lineage.

TL;DR: The overall analysis has demonstrated that herpesvirus capsids are formed by a pathway resembling that established for dsDNA bacteriophage such as P22 and HK97, found to involve a scaffolding protein not present in the mature virus.

TL;DR: Examples of TLR-mediated viral recognition and the functional consequences of this recognition for antiviral immunity are discussed.

TL;DR: For some plant positive-sense RNA viruses, a protein known as VPg is covalently linked to the 5' end of the viral RNA, and this property would confer an ability to bind several proteins.

TL;DR: Concerted efforts of modern pharmacogenetics, novel insights into innate immunity and contributions from molecular virology will hopefully allow deciphering the precise mechanism(s) that are at the basis of the antiviral effect of this nucleoside analogue to help design improved strategies to fight chronic infections with HCV.

TL;DR: It is suggested that individual experiences as well as genes influence the innate immune resources available to fight off an infection.

TL;DR: Recent discoveries highlight the importance of human type I and III IFNs in protective immunity against viruses, including the TLR3-IFN pathway in protection against HSE.

TL;DR: The basic principles of viral membrane fusion common to all enveloped viruses are provided and the specific structural and functional features of the different fusion protein classes by example of the paramyxovirus, flavivirus and rhabdovirus families are discussed.

TL;DR: This short review focuses on L-PVs from several virus families, and their interactions with the endocytic machinery, including switching of Rabs, formation of intraluminal vesicles, and microtubule-mediated transport.

TL;DR: Examination of adaptive changes in host genes that occurred in response to paleoviral infections provides a complementary strategy for making 'indirect' paleovirological inferences.

TL;DR: An overview of the current knowledge of the functions of vertebrate RNA virusVPg proteins is provided, illustrating their diverse function and the parallels they share with plant virus VPg proteins.

TL;DR: The diversity of cellular sources of IFn-I and the pathways leading to IFN-I production during viral infections are discussed and the effects of IFN -I on cells of the immune system with emphasis on dendritic cells are discussed.

TL;DR: It is postulated that the minimal requirements for efficient transmission of an animal influenza virus between humans are: efficient virus attachment to (upper) respiratory tissues, replication to high titers in these tissues, and release and aerosolization of single virus particles.

TL;DR: Recent developments on the characterization and function of virus-derived siRNAs and piRNAs in eukaryotic hosts are reviewed.

TL;DR: Positive-strand RNA plant viruses that are neither 5'-capped nor 3'-polyadenylated use nontraditional mechanisms to recruit ribosomes to the 5'-end of their viral genomes to compete efficiently against cellular mRNAs for the host translational machinery.

TL;DR: Enhanced surveillance, improved diagnostics, increased pathogen detection, and an integrated One Health approach, targeting human, domestic animal and wildlife interfaces, provide modern insights to the ecology of bat lyssaviruses to augment future prevention and control.

TL;DR: This work reviews the expanding area of innate immunity by focusing on the molecular mechanisms of cytosolic host-defenses, and examines the role of Toll-like receptor family in this response to viral infection.

TL;DR: This work highlights key findings arising at the intrahost, local and global epidemiological scales and discusses how these may contribute to a quantitative understanding of the phylodynamics of RNA viruses.

TL;DR: Structures of the major capsid proteins of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting hosts residing in different domains of life are described and suggest that optimal virus classification approach should equally rely on both sequence and structural information.