Showing papers in "Seminars in Neuroscience in 1992"

TL;DR: Manipulations of dopamine levels in the dorsal and ventral striatum are shown to affect the activation of behaviour in distinct, yet parallel ways, which depend upon the nature of the neocortical and limbic input to these structures.

TL;DR: Results suggest that drugs that activate the mesolimbic dopamine system have such powerful reinforcing effects because they facilitate the attentional-motor systems critical for approach behaviour and the behavioural activation associated with incentive-motivation.

TL;DR: Dopamine neurons in behaving animals respond in a stereo-typed and homogeneous fashion to salient external stimuli that attract the attention of the subject, providing neurophysiological correlates for the involvement of dopamine neurons in central processes determining the behavioural reactivity of thesubject to important environmental events.

TL;DR: The various dopamine receptor subtypes can be distinguished by their sequence, intracellular signalling systems, pharmacology and localization.

TL;DR: Evidence from studies of experimentally induced dopamine deficits in nonhuman primates as well as in patients with Parkinson's disease supports the view that short-term (working) memory is a mnemonic process especially vulnerable to dopamine loss.

TL;DR: Behavioral experiments reveal that simultaneous variation of different acoustic properties can interact in unpredictable ways to determine the overall effectiveness of a signal.

TL;DR: This work examines possible evolutionary consequences of signals often incorporate motor patterns that have been co-opted from non-signal behaviors, resulting in a linkage between communication and other behaviors using the same functional systems.

TL;DR: The overall research data point to an early pathological process affecting temporal-limbic and/or prefrontal cortices which becomes clinically manifested later in life, and a number of possible mechanisms are described that might explain the relationship between cortical abnormalities and dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia.

TL;DR: The existing framework may be extended to a three-dimensional cortex and to more complex models of intracortical connectivity, and may be applied to other developmental phenomena including the development of lamination in the LGN, the formation of visual maps in experimentally altered auditory cortex, and the mapping of visual and auditory maps in the optic tectum.

TL;DR: The behavioural relevance of these antagonistic mechanisms is evident in Parkinson's disease, in which the degeneration of dopamine input to the striatum results in an imbalance in the striatal output pathways, which has been directly related to the clinical akinesia of this disease.

TL;DR: Cytokines have been localized in autoimmune and inflammatory lesions within the CNS and their critical role for these processes have been confirmed in experiments on animal models of human immune-mediated CNS disease.

TL;DR: Data are presented here which strongly implicate adhesion molecules in immune cell trafficking to the central nervous system (CNS) and some of the vascular addressins constitutive for lymphoid tissues seem to display some site-specificity during the CNS autoimmune condition experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

TL;DR: The normal operation of the basal ganglia, controlled by dopamine, may be the orderly and rational sequencing of the individual components of motor and cognitive plans.

TL;DR: Evidence for this model derives from species-wide universal song features found to recur in many birdsongs that are known to be learned and culturally transmitted and the fact that natural variation is more limited than previously supposed lends credence to the applicability of neuroselection models to avian song learning.

TL;DR: It now seems unlikely that the auditory nervous system performs such a frequency analysis and therefore those measures and concept of frequency tuning curves need re-evaluation.

TL;DR: Based upon observations of systemic homing receptors specific for certain organs, the existence of CNS-specific homing receptor with corresponding ligands on CNS vasculature is postulated.

TL;DR: Several ways in which modelling has been applied to the study of the central pattern generator (CPG) for the lamprey will be described, with contributions to the understanding of the locomotor CPG discussed.

TL;DR: Prospects for further progress in using network training algorithms to construct realistic network models are examined by contrasting two examples of realism network models trained by backpropagation.

TL;DR: Studies in various model systems have shown that edema occurs by both transcellular and paracellular mechanisms and involves blood vessels at all levels of the vascular tree, and the parajunctional area of theascular endothelium appears to be particularly involved.

TL;DR: A relationship between the organisation of the branchiomotor and somatic motor nerves and the segmented ground plan has been found and the expression patterns of a number of putative regulatory genes relate to the rhombomere pattern.

TL;DR: In this article, the development of brain mechanisms which function efficiently at every point along a developmental continuum that leads to linguistic competence has been studied, from the neonate's orientation to indexical and affective aspects of the voice to the infant's analysis of phonetic information that is embedded within the voice.

TL;DR: The induction of the most anterior end of the neural plate, which is perhaps the least understood aspect of neural induction, is discussed and can be explored in future experiments.

TL;DR: A model that incorporates information on single neuron electrophysiology, synoptic connectivity and the properties of different kinds of individual synapses is described that can account for several epileptic behaviors and EEG-like waves.

TL;DR: The consequence ofglial cell MHC expression for immune interactions in the CNS is discussed in the context of glial cell antigen presentation capacity and neural cell susceptibility to cell-mediated immune effector mechanisms.

TL;DR: Grafting experiments in chick embryos and in vitro induction assays have provided evidence that the dorsoventral pattern of cell differentiation in the neural tube is dependent on inductive signals that derive from axial mesodermal cells of the notochord and from a special group of midline neural cells, the floor plate.

TL;DR: The transplantation of cells taken early in the cell cycle yields postmitotic daughters that change their normal laminar fates, suggesting that temporally regulated environmental cues influence the development of multipotent progenitors.

TL;DR: In field crickets, communication through the calling song shows features of both genetic and temperature coupling, which has implications for the neural systems that underlie song production and song recognition.

TL;DR: This chapter will discuss what is known of the immunologic events that follow the transplantation of a variety of tissues to the central nervous system and demonstrate that the commonly cited determinants of CNS immunologic privilege afford only partial protection of intra-CNS grafts from the actions of the immune system.

TL;DR: In rats, molecules postulated to encode rostral-caudal position do not effectively guide or restrict the growth of retinal axons to topographically appropriate regions of the SC, but seem to contribute to map formation by promoting topographic specificity in branch and arbor formation.

TL;DR: A key aspect of the model is the nonlinear interaction between calcium and cGMP through which calcium tends to decrease cG MP concentration and cGsMP tends to increase calcium concentration, which provides a better understanding of the regulation of second messengers during transduction.