Showing papers in "Trends in Microbiology in 2013"

TL;DR: Why the current in vitro models of biofilms might be limited for describing infectious biofilmms are discussed, and new strategies for improving this discrepancy are suggested.

TL;DR: Bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission and the increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have facilitated the inter species transmission.

TL;DR: This review discusses recent data on the early colonization of the gut by microbial species, development of the intestinal microbiota, and its impact on health.

TL;DR: The study of the fungal microbiota is a new and rapidly emerging field that lags behind the authors' understanding of the bacterial microbiome, especially as a reservoir for blooms of pathogenic microbes when the host is compromised and as a potential cofactor in inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders.

TL;DR: It is argued that although making direct linkage of genomes to global phenomena is a significant challenge, many connections at intermediate scales are viable with integrated application of new systems biology approaches and powerful analytical and modelling techniques.

TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying microbial translocation and its role in contributing to immune activation and disease progression in HIV infection are reviewed.

TL;DR: The present understanding of the function of microbe-host interactions on the skin is summarized and some unique features that distinguish skin commensal organisms from pathogenic microbes are highlighted.

TL;DR: This work reviews emerging systems approaches that combine empirical data with rigorous theoretical analysis to study phage-bacterial interactions as networks rather than as coupled interactions in isolation.

TL;DR: A fundamental understanding of how antibiotics improve feed efficiency is lacking, and an individual alternative is unlikely to embody all of the performance-enhancing functions of antibiotics.

TL;DR: This review summarizes recent advances in PYO biology with special attention to current views on its role in human airway infections and on its interactions with the first line of the authors' airway defense, the respiratory epithelium.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the core proteins in the context of the alginate, cellulose, and poly-β-d-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) secretion systems.

TL;DR: Recent developments in PRR research have uncovered important new molecular details as to how Toll-like receptors and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) distinguish pathogen from self RNA.

TL;DR: The basic biology of HDACs and their inhibitors, the role ofHDACs in HIV latency, and recent efforts to use HDAC inhibitors to reactivate latent HIV in vitro and in vivo are reviewed.

TL;DR: Signals and genetic circuitries that control the stringent signaling systems of a copiotroph, a bacteriovore, an oligotroph, and a mammalian pathogen are described and how control of the SR in these species is adapted to their particular lifestyles are discussed.

TL;DR: This work has shown that the Gag polyprotein, the main structural protein of HIV-1 and all other retroviruses, has the ability to specifically recognize genomic RNA and both viral and host proteins as it traffics to the cell membrane.

TL;DR: A fundamental lack of information on the tolerance of microorganisms to multiple extremes is revealed that impedes several areas of science, ranging from environmental and industrial microbiology to the search for extraterrestrial life.

TL;DR: Urban emergences of dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses and potential strategies for their prevention and control are reviewed.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of bacterial competition mediated by contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems are reviewed, suggesting that these systems may have other roles beyond competition.

TL;DR: The persistence and spread of antibiotic resistance, in conjunction with decreased profitability of new antibiotics, have created the dangerous prospect of ineffective therapies against bacterial diseases.

TL;DR: How the bacterial ecosystem of the nasopharynx changes the nature and course of pneumococcal carriage is highlighted, as well as how the vaccine serotype replacement, carriage detection, and pneumonia diagnostics are highlighted.

TL;DR: It is argued that researchers should perform adequate control experiments and should carefully assess toxicity of the compounds in the bacterial species they are working with in order to confirm that what they observe really is quorum sensing inhibition.

TL;DR: An inactivation mechanism of at least two steps is discussed and an inactivation model based on current data is proposed and spore resistance properties and matrix interactions are linked to spore inactivation effectiveness.

TL;DR: A broader picture is emerging in which mycoplasmas are successful pathogens having evolved a number of mechanisms and strategies for surviving hostile environments and adapting to new niches or hosts.

TL;DR: This review focuses on effectors that subvert signaling pathways that impact on endosomal trafficking, cell survival, and innate immunity, particularly phagocytosis, nuclear factor-κB, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and the inflammasome.

TL;DR: Only the antiviral activity of human and non-human primate ISG15s can be blocked, providing one possible explanation for the restriction of influenza B virus to humans.

TL;DR: This work has shown that phage therapy, iron chelation therapy, antimicrobial peptides, prophylactic vaccination, photodynamic therapy, and nitric oxide-based therapies have all been shown to have activity against A. baumannii.

TL;DR: An overview of the contribution of sRNAs in regulating the switch from the planktonic to the sessile bacterial lifestyle is given by highlighting how s RNAs converge with known regulatory systems required for biofilm formation.

TL;DR: With the ever-extending use of next-generation sequencing on a variety of clinical samples, rapid progress on the composition of the human virome and its impact upon human health are to be expected in the coming years.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent key findings addressing the role of intestinal microbiota in antimicrobial defense mechanisms and its impact on intestinal homeostasis in the critically ill.

TL;DR: Mechanisms by which viruses subvert endocytic and pathogen-sensing functions of macrophages and DCs are reviewed, while highlighting possible strategic advantages of infecting cells normally tuned into pathogen destruction.