2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
William Thies,Laura Bleiler +1 more
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TLDR
This report provides information to increase understanding of the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, health expenditures and costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society in general.Abstract:
This report provides information to increase understanding of the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, health expenditures and costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society in general. It also explores the roles and unique challenges of long‐distance caregivers, as well as interventions that target those challenges. An estimated 5.2 million Americans have AD. Approximately 200,000 people younger than 65 years with AD comprise the younger onset AD population; 5 million comprise the older onset AD population. Throughout the coming decades, the baby boom generation is projected to add about 10 million to the total number of people in the United States with AD. Today, someone in America develops AD every 68 seconds. By 2050, one new case of AD is expected to develop every 33 seconds, or nearly a million new cases per year, and the total estimated prevalence is expected to be 13.8 million. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age 65 years or older. Between 2000 and 2010, the proportion of deaths resulting from heart disease, stroke, and prostate cancer decreased 16%, 23%, and 8%, respectively, whereas the proportion resulting from AD increased 68%. The number of deaths from AD as determined by official death certificates (83,494 in 2010) likely underrepresents the number of AD‐related deaths in the United States. A projected 450,000 older Americans with AD will die in 2013, and a large proportion will die as a result of complications of AD. In 2012, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 17.5 billion hours of care to people with AD and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $216 billion. Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 years and older with AD and other dementias are three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. Total payments in 2013 for health care, long‐term care, and hospice services for people age 65 years and older with dementia are expected to be $203 billion (not including the contributions of unpaid caregivers). An estimated 2.3 million caregivers of people with AD and other dementias live at least 1 hour away from the care recipient. These “long‐distance caregivers” face unique challenges, including difficulty in assessing the care recipient's true health condition and needs, high rates of family disagreement regarding caregiving decisions, and high out‐of‐pocket expenses for costs related to caregiving. Out‐of‐pocket costs for long‐distance caregivers are almost twice as high as for local caregivers.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimer's Disease: Promise and limitations
Nicholas R. Simmons-Stern,Rebecca G. Deason,Rebecca G. Deason,Brian Brandler,Brian Brandler,Bruno Frustace,Bruno Frustace,Maureen K. O’Connor,Maureen K. O’Connor,Maureen K. O’Connor,Brandon A. Ally,Andrew E. Budson,Andrew E. Budson +12 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that the perceptual distinctiveness of musical stimuli enhanced metamemorial awareness in AD patients via a non-selective distinctiveness heuristic, thereby reducing false recognition while at the same time reducing true recognition and eliminating the mnemonic benefit of music.
Journal ArticleDOI
The genomically mosaic brain: Aneuploidy and more in neural diversity and disease
Diane M. Bushman,Jerold Chun +1 more
TL;DR: Genomically identical cells have long been assumed to comprise the human brain, but the identification of neural cells containing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy and other genomic variations demonstrate that the brain is genomically heterogeneous.
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Inflammation-induced dysfunction of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier: protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine.
TL;DR: It is found that Nac protected against LPS-induced Aβ transport dysfunction at the BBB through an LRP-1-dependent and Pgp-independent mechanism, demonstrating a novel mechanism by which antioxidants prevent Aβ accumulation in the brain caused by inflammation, and therefore protect against AD.
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Why vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease? The hypothesis
TL;DR: The role of vitamin D in AD is defined from a novel and fundamental perspective and it is suggested that AD could be the result of a long-term hormonal imbalance in which the critical hormone is vitamin D, a secosteroid that has long been misnamed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: two sides of the same coin?
Sander C.J. Verfaillie,Sofie Adriaanse,Maja Binnewijzend,Marije R. Benedictus,Rik Ossenkoppele,Mike P. Wattjes,Yolande A.L. Pijnenburg,Wiesje M. van der Flier,Adriaan A. Lammertsma,Joost P.A. Kuijer,Ronald Boellaard,Philip Scheltens,Bart N.M. van Berckel,Frederik Barkhof +13 more
TL;DR: Similar patterns of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were observed in regions typically associated with AD and FTD, suggesting that ASL-MRI provides information comparable to FDG-PET.
References
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[Affective disorders in the fourth edition of the classification of mental disorders prepared by the American Psychiatric Association -- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders].
Journal ArticleDOI
The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease
Guy M. McKhann,Guy M. McKhann,David S. Knopman,Howard Chertkow,Bradley T. Hyman,Clifford R. Jack,Claudia H. Kawas,William E. Klunk,Walter J. Koroshetz,Jennifer J. Manly,Richard Mayeux,Richard C. Mohs,John C. Morris,Martin N. Rossor,Philip Scheltens,Maria C. Carrillo,Bill Thies,Sandra Weintraub,Creighton H. Phelps +18 more
TL;DR: The workgroup sought to ensure that the revised criteria would be flexible enough to be used by both general healthcare providers without access to neuropsychological testing, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid measures, and specialized investigators involved in research or in clinical trial studies who would have these tools available.
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Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Ronald C. Petersen,Glenn E. Smith,Stephen C. Waring,Robert J. Ivnik,Eric G. Tangalos,Emre Kokmen +5 more
TL;DR: Patients who meet the criteria for MCI can be differentiated from healthy control subjects and those with very mild AD, and appear to constitute a clinical entity that can be characterized for treatment interventions.
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International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
TL;DR: There is substantial global variation in the relative burden of stroke compared with IHD, and the disproportionate burden from stroke for many lower-income countries suggests that distinct interventions may be required.
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