Journal ArticleDOI
A 64 $\times$ 64-Pixels Digital Silicon Photomultiplier Direct TOF Sensor With 100-MPhotons/s/pixel Background Rejection and Imaging/Altimeter Mode With 0.14% Precision Up To 6 km for Spacecraft Navigation and Landing
TLDR
A 64×64-pixel 3-D imager based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for long-range applications, such as spacecraft navigation and landing, consuming less than 100 mW.Abstract:
This paper describes a 64 $\times $ 64-pixel 3-D imager based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for long-range applications, such as spacecraft navigation and landing. Each 60- $\mu \text{m}$ pixel includes eight SPADs combined as a digital silicon photomultiplier, a triggering logic for photons temporal correlation, a 250-ps 16-b time-to-digital converter, and an intensity counter, with an overall 26.5% fill factor. The sensor provides time-of-flight and intensity information even with a background intensity up to 100 MPhotons/s/pixel. The sensor can work in imaging (short range, 3-D image) and altimeter (long range, single point) modes, achieving up to 300-m and 6-km maximum distance with <0.2-m and <0.5-m precision, respectively, consuming less than 100 mW.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Reconfigurable 3-D-Stacked SPAD Imager With In-Pixel Histogramming for Flash LIDAR or High-Speed Time-of-Flight Imaging
Sam W. Hutchings,Nick Johnston,Istvan Gyongy,Tarek Al Abbas,Neale Dutton,Max Tyler,Susan Chan,Jonathan Leach,Robert Henderson +8 more
TL;DR: A 256 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensor integrated into a 3-D-stacked 90-nm 1P4M/40-nm1P8M process is reported for flash light detection and ranging (LIDAR) or high-speed direct time-of-flight (ToF)3-D imaging.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perspectives for Applications of Quantum Imaging
Marta Gilaberte Basset,Frank Setzpfandt,Fabian Steinlechner,Fabian Steinlechner,Erik Beckert,Thomas Pertsch,Thomas Pertsch,Markus Gräfe +7 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Background Light Rejection in SPAD-Based LiDAR Sensors by Adaptive Photon Coincidence Detection
TL;DR: A novel method based on the adaptive adjustment of photon coincidence detection to suppress the background light and simultaneously improve the dynamic range is presented and a 192 × 2 pixel CMOS SPAD-based LiDAR sensor utilizing this technique is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Compact SPAD-Based Pixel Architectures for Time-Resolved Image Sensors
TL;DR: This paper reviews the state of the art of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors for time-resolved imaging and focuses on pixel architectures featuring small pixel size and high fill factor as a key enabling technology for the successful implementation of high spatial resolution SPAD-based image sensors.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Modular, Direct Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 45/65-nm 3-D-Stacked CMOS Technology
Augusto Ronchini Ximenes,Preethi Padmanabhan,Myung-Jae Lee,Yuichiro Yamashita,Dun-Nian Yaung,Edoardo Charbon +5 more
TL;DR: A modular, direct time-of-flight (TOF) depth sensor that operates autonomously, by internal data acquisition, management, and storage, being periodically read out by an external access is introduced.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
A 160×128 single-photon image sensor with on-pixel 55ps 10b time-to-digital converter
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TL;DR: This work states that the introduction of SPAD devices in deep-submicron CMOS has enabled the design of massively parallel arrays where the entire photon detection and ToA circuitry is integrated on-pixel.
Journal ArticleDOI
CMOS Imager With 1024 SPADs and TDCs for Single-Photon Timing and 3-D Time-of-Flight
Federica Villa,Rudi Lussana,Danilo Bronzi,Simone Tisa,Alberto Tosi,Franco Zappa,Alberto Dalla Mora,Davide Contini,Daniel Durini,Sascha Weyers,Werner Brockherde +10 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Fully Digital 8 $\,\times\,$ 16 SiPM Array for PET Applications With Per-Pixel TDCs and Real-Time Energy Output
Leo H. C. Braga,Leonardo Gasparini,Lindsay A. Grant,Robert Henderson,Nicola Massari,Matteo Perenzoni,David Stoppa,Richard Walker +7 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A 100-m Range 10-Frame/s 340 $\,\times\, $ 96-Pixel Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 0.18- $\mu\hbox{m}$ CMOS
TL;DR: A single-photon detection technique for time-of-flight distance ranging based on the temporal and spatial correlation of photons is introduced and experimental results in which the depth sensor was operated in a typical traffic scenario are reported.