Journal ArticleDOI
Advances in lead-free electronics soldering
TLDR
In this paper, phase diagrams of lead-free alloy systems have been intensively examined by using careful thermal and microstructural analysis combined with the thermodynamic calculation such as the CLAPHAD method.Abstract:
Lead-free soldering has emerged as one of the key technologies for assembling in environmental-conscious electronics. Among several candidate alloys, the Sn–Ag–Cu alloy family is believed to be the first choice with the combination of other alloys such as Sn–Zn–Bi, Sn–Cu and Sn–Bi–Ag. Phase diagrams of lead-free alloy systems have been intensively examined by using careful thermal and microstructural analysis combined with the thermodynamic calculation such as the CLAPHAD method. The Cu6Sn5/Cu3Sn layers are formed at most lead-free solder alloy/Cu interfaces, while Cu–Zn compound layers are formed in the Sn–Zn/Cu system. Growth kinetics of intermetallic layers both in solid-state and in soldering are also discussed. Creep and fatigue phenomena are also reviewed. In many aspects of lead-free soldering, much more work is required to establish a sound scientific basis to promote their applications.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Six cases of reliability study of Pb-free solder joints in electronic packaging technology
Kejun Zeng,King-Ning Tu +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the format of case study to review six reliability problems of Pb-free solders in electronic packaging technology and conducted analysis of these cases on the basis of thermodynamic driving force, time-dependent kinetic processes, and morphology and microstructure changes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transferring lead-free piezoelectric ceramics into application
TL;DR: In this article, a figure of merit analysis for key devices is presented and used to contrast lead-containing and lead-free piezoceramics for demanding applications with high reliability, displacements and frequency as well as a wide temperature range.
Journal ArticleDOI
Properties of lead-free solder alloys with rare earth element additions
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of rare earth (RE) elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wetting behavior of certain Pb-free solder alloys is summarized. But, the authors do not consider the effects of RE elements on ICs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review of non-reactive and reactive wetting of liquids on surfaces.
Girish Kumar,K. Narayan Prabhu +1 more
TL;DR: Wettability is a tendency for a liquid to spread on a solid substrate and is generally measured in terms of the angle (contact angle) between the tangent drawn at the triple point between the three phases (solid, liquid and vapour) and the substrate surface.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interfacial reaction issues for lead-free electronic solders
C. E. Ho,S. C. Yang,C. R. Kao +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Ni effect on the reactions between solders and Cu is discussed first, and then the Cu effect on Ni is covered in detail, and the knowledge gained from the Cu and Ni effects is applied to explain the recently discovered intermetallic massive spalling, a process that can severely weaken a solder joint.
References
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Book
Binary alloy phase diagrams
TL;DR: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, Plus Updates, on CD-ROM offers you the same high-quality, reliable data you'll find in the 3-volume print set published by ASM in 1990.
Book
Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Pierre Villars,Alan Prince,博明 岡本 +2 more
TL;DR: The largest collection of ternary phase diagrams and related crystal structure data ever assembled can be found in this 10 volume set.
Journal ArticleDOI
Experimental and thermodynamic assessment of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys
Kil-Won Moon,William J. Boettinger,Ursula R. Kattner,Frank S. Biancaniello,Carol A. Handwerker +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, phase diagram data in the Sn-Ag-Cu system were measured and the location of the ternary eutectic involving L, (Sn), Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases was confirmed to be at a composition of 3.5 wt.% Ag, 0.91 wt% Cu at a temperature of 216.2±0.3°C.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Pb-free solder alloys for low-cost electronic assembly: A review
TL;DR: A review of the literature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lead-free solders, including Sn-58Bi, Sn-52In, and Sn-3.5Ag, is presented in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Theory for intermetallic phase growth between Cu and liquid Sn-Pb solder based on grain boundary diffusion control
TL;DR: In this article, a model for growth kinetics of an intermediate compound layer is presented for the case where grain boundary diffusion is the predominant transport mechanism, including the geometric effects caused by grain boundary grooving.
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Six cases of reliability study of Pb-free solder joints in electronic packaging technology
Kejun Zeng,King-Ning Tu +1 more