Amplification of DNA from preserved specimens shows blowflies were preadapted for the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance
Carol J. Hartley,Richard D. Newcomb,Robyn Joyce Russell,C. G. Yong,Jamie R. Stevens,David K. Yeates,John G. Oakeshott +6 more
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The early outbreak of resistance in this species can be explained by the preexistence of mutant alleles encoding malathion resistance, and the pinned specimen analysis shows much higher genetic diversity at the locus before organophosphate use, suggesting that the subsequent sweep of diazinon resistance in Australasia has compromised the scope for the loci to respond further to the ongoing challenge of the insecticides.Abstract:
Mutations of esterase 3 confer two forms of organophosphate resistance on contemporary Australasian Lucilia cuprina. One form, called diazinon resistance, is slightly more effective against commonly used insecticides and is now more prevalent than the other form, called malathion resistance. We report here that the single amino acid replacement associated with diazinon resistance and two replacements associated with malathion resistance also occur in esterase 3 in the sibling species Lucilia sericata, suggesting convergent evolution around a finite set of resistance options. We also find parallels between the species in the geographic distributions of the polymorphisms: In both cases, the diazinon-resistance change is absent or rare outside Australasia where insecticide pressure is lower, whereas the changes associated with malathion resistance are widespread. Furthermore, PCR analysis of pinned specimens of Australasian L. cuprina collected before the release of organophosphate insecticides reveals no cases of the diazinon-resistance change but several cases of those associated with malathion resistance. Thus, the early outbreak of resistance in this species can be explained by the preexistence of mutant alleles encoding malathion resistance. The pinned specimen analysis also shows much higher genetic diversity at the locus before organophosphate use, suggesting that the subsequent sweep of diazinon resistance in Australasia has compromised the scope for the locus to respond further to the ongoing challenge of the insecticides.read more
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Enzyme Promiscuity: A Mechanistic and Evolutionary Perspective
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TL;DR: The hypothesis that promiscuous enzymatic activities serve as evolutionary starting points and highlight the unique evolutionary features ofpromiscuous enzyme functions are addressed.
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References
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A single amino acid substitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphorus hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly
Richard D. Newcomb,Peter M. Campbell,David L. Ollis,E. Cheah,Robyn Joyce Russell,John G. Oakeshott +5 more
TL;DR: In vitro expression of two natural and two synthetic chimeric alleles shows that the Asp137 substitution alone is responsible for both the loss of E3's carboxylesterase activity and the acquisition of a novel OP hydrolase activity.
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Genetics of Insect Resistance to Chemicals
TL;DR: All the evidence supports the original view: Insecticide resistance is an example of evolutionary change, the insecticide acting as a powerful selective sieve for concentrating resistant mutants that were present in low frequencies in the original population.
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Resistance to xenobiotics and parasites: can we count the cost?
TL;DR: A review of the xenobiotic resistance literature shows that empirical evidence for this hypothesis is scarce, and it is postulate that such fitness costs can only be fully interpreted in the light of the molecular mutations that might underlie them.