Journal ArticleDOI
Current transport in metal-semiconductor barriers
C.R. Crowell,S.M. Sze +1 more
TLDR
In this paper, a theory for calculating the magnitude of majority carrier current flow in metal-semiconductor barriers is developed which incorporates Schottky's diffusion (D) theory and Bethe's thermionic emission (T) theory into a single T-D emission theory, and which includes the effects of the image force.Abstract:
A theory for calculating the magnitude of majority carrier current flow in metal-semiconductor barriers is developed which incorporates Schottky's diffusion (D) theory and Bethe's thermionic emission (T) theory into a single T-D emission theory, and which includes the effects of the image force. A low electric field limit for application of this theory is estimated from consideration of phonon-induced backscattering near the potential energy maximum. A high electric field limit associated with the transition to T-F emission is estimated from calculations of the quantum-mechanical transmission of a Maxwellian distribution of electrons incident on the barrier. The theory predicts a wide range of electric field ≈ 2 × 10 2 to 4 × 10 5 V/cm over which the T-D theory may be applied to metal- n -type Si barriers at 300°K. The corresponding range for metal- n -type GaAs barriers is 9 × 10 3 to 8 × 10 4 V/ at 300°K. The decreased upper limit is due mainly to the smaller electron effective mass in GaAs, the increased lower limit to a small optical-phonon energy and a shorter electron-optical-phonon mean-free path. The theory predicts Richardson constants of 96 and 4.4 A/cm 2 /°K 2 for metal- n -type Si and metal- n -type GaAs barriers respectively. Experimental measurements on both metal-Si and metal-GaAs barriers are in general agreement with the theory. Values of the barrier n [( q / kT )(d V /d ln J )] appreciably greater than unity are predicted for the field-dependent barrier height which occurs when an interface layer of the order of atomic thickness exists between the metal and the semi-conductor. A field dependence of the barrier height is shown to have no first order effect on the derivative of the 1/ C 2 vs. V relationship for the barrier. The intercept of a 1/ C 2 vs. V plot is shown to yield the barrier height extrapolated linearly to zero field in the semiconductor. Experimental evidence for the existence of interface layers in near-ideal Schottky barriers is also presented.read more
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that if contact is made with a metal, the difference in work function between metal semi-conductor is compensated by surface states charge, rather than by a space charge as is independent of the metal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Field and thermionic-field emission in Schottky barriers
F.A. Padovani,R. Stratton +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived voltage-current characteristics for field and T-F emission in the forward and reverse regime of Schottky barriers formed on highly doped semiconductors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Surface States and Barrier Height of Metal‐Semiconductor Systems
A. M. Cowley,S. M. Sze +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the dependence of the barrier height of metal-semiconductor systems upon the metal work function is derived based on the following assumptions: (1) the contact between the metal and the semiconductor has an interfacial layer of the order of atomic dimensions; it is further assumed that this layer is transparent to electrons with energy greater than the potential barrier but can withstand potential across it.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temperature dependence of avalanche multiplication in semiconductors
C.R. Crowell,S. M. Sze +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the temperature dependence of the carrier mean free path for optical phonon scattering and the mean energy loss per collision for any operating temperature once the appropriate parameters have been determined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Richardson constant for thermionic emission in Schottky barrier diodes
TL;DR: In this article, the Richardson equation appropriate to thermionic emission in Schottky barrier diodes is derived for a semiconductor having an energy band with ellipsoidal constant-energy surfaces in momentum space.