Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Leptin on the Skeleton.
TLDR
In humans, leptin is likely to contribute to the positive relationship observed between adiposity and bone density, which allows the skeleton to respond appropriately to changes in soft tissue mass, and might vary between species and according to other factors such as body weight, baseline circulating leptin levels, and the presence of specific pathologies.Abstract:
Leptin originates in adipocytes, including those in bone marrow, and circulates in concentrations 20 to 90 times higher than those in the cerebrospinal fluid. It has direct anabolic effects on osteoblasts and chondrocytes, but it also influences bone indirectly, via the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system, via changes in body weight, and via effects on the production of other hormones (e.g., pituitary). Leptin's role in bone physiology is determined by the balance of these conflicting effects. Reflecting this inconsistency, the leptin-deficient mouse has reduced length and bone mineral content of long bones but increased vertebral trabecular bone. A consistent bone phenotype in human leptin deficiency has not been established. Systemic leptin administration in animals and humans usually exerts a positive effect on bone mass, and leptin administration into the cerebral ventricles usually normalizes the bone phenotype in leptin-deficient mice. Reflecting the role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the central catabolic effects of leptin on the skeleton, β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists have major effects on bone in mice, but this is not consistently seen in humans. The balance of the central and peripheral effects of leptin on bone remains an area of substantial controversy and might vary between species and according to other factors such as body weight, baseline circulating leptin levels, and the presence of specific pathologies. In humans, leptin is likely to contribute to the positive relationship observed between adiposity and bone density, which allows the skeleton to respond appropriately to changes in soft tissue mass.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism
TL;DR: In the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown and these beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system.
Journal ArticleDOI
The relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue and bone metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
TL;DR: The possible mechanisms of MAT expansion under estrogen withdrawal are examined, emerging findings regarding the pathological roles of MAT in bone remodeling are summarized and the current therapies targeting MAT in osteoporosis are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Bones of Children With Obesity.
Danilo Fintini,Stefano Cianfarani,Stefano Cianfarani,Marta Cofini,Angela Andreoletti,Grazia Maria Ubertini,Marco Cappa,Melania Manco +7 more
TL;DR: This review will address the question whether the bone of obese children and adolescents is unhealthy in comparison with normal-weight peers and discuss mechanisms underlying the differences in bone quality and structure and address emerging dietary issues.
Journal ArticleDOI
The JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 axis in bone development, physiology, and pathology.
TL;DR: The role of cytokines in a specific signaling pathway in bone development and disease is reviewed, and the significance of recent findings to several types of cells that form new bone, degrade bone as part of normal bone turnover, and sustain the structure of bone and cartilage is covered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Obesity and Bone Health: A Complex Link.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of adipokines secreted by white adipose tissue on bone cells and their distribution on bone mass and bone-related diseases, along with the correlation between different populations with obesity and bone health.
References
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Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Yiying Zhang,Ricardo Proenca,Ricardo Proenca,Margherita Maffei,Marisa Barone,Marisa Barone,Lori Leopold,Lori Leopold,Jeffrey M. Friedman,Jeffrey M. Friedman +9 more
TL;DR: The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leptin Inhibits Bone Formation through a Hypothalamic Relay: A Central Control of Bone Mass
Patricia Ducy,Michael Amling,Shu Takeda,Matthias Priemel,Arndt F. Schilling,Frank Timo Beil,Jianhe Shen,Charles Vinson,Johannes M. Rueger,Gerard Karsenty +9 more
TL;DR: This study identifies leptin as a potent inhibitor of bone formation acting through the central nervous system and therefore describes the central nature of bone mass control and its disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency.
I S Farooqi,Susan A. Jebb,G Langmack,Elizabeth Lawrence,C H Cheetham,Andrew M. Prentice,Ieuan A. Hughes,M A McCamish,Stephen O'Rahilly +8 more
TL;DR: The administration of leptin corrects their obesity by reducing their food intake and increasing their energy expenditure and these mice also have hyperinsulinemia, corticosterone excess, and infertility, which also are reversed by treatment with leptin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leptin Regulates Bone Formation via the Sympathetic Nervous System
Shu Takeda,Florent Elefteriou,Regis Levasseur,Xiuyun Liu,Liping Zhao,Keith L. Parker,Dawna L. Armstrong,Patricia Ducy,Patricia Ducy,Gerard Karsenty +9 more
TL;DR: A leptin-dependent neuronal regulation of bone formation with potential therapeutic implications for osteoporosis is demonstrated, and the peripheral mediators of leptin antiosteogenic function appear to be neuronal.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Leptin Receptor
TL;DR: It is proposed that leptin serves as an “adipostat,” informing the body of the status of energy storage in the adipose tissue so that appropriate changes in appetite, metabolism, and nutrient partitioning can be signaled via the leptin receptor.