Journal ArticleDOI
Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines
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TLDR
Results from a nationwide survey of academics support the hypothesis that women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent.Abstract:
The gender imbalance in STEM subjects dominates current debates about women's underrepresentation in academia. However, women are well represented at the Ph.D. level in some sciences and poorly represented in some humanities (e.g., in 2011, 54% of U.S. Ph.D.'s in molecular biology were women versus only 31% in philosophy). We hypothesize that, across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent. This hypothesis extends to African Americans' underrepresentation as well, as this group is subject to similar stereotypes. Results from a nationwide survey of academics support our hypothesis (termed the field-specific ability beliefs hypothesis) over three competing hypotheses.read more
Citations
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疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]/Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Journal ArticleDOI
Why are some STEM fields more gender balanced than others
TL;DR: Efforts to increase women’s participation in computer science, engineering, and physics may benefit from changing masculine cultures and providing students with early experiences that signal equally to both girls and boys that they belong and can succeed in these fields.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests
TL;DR: 6-year-old girls are less likely than boys to believe that members of their gender are “really, really smart,” and at age 6, girls begin to avoid activities said to be for children who are ”really,Really smart.
Journal ArticleDOI
A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement.
David S. Yeager,Paul Hanselman,Gregory M. Walton,Jared S. Murray,Robert Crosnoe,Chandra Muller,Elizabeth Tipton,Barbara Schneider,Chris S. Hulleman,Cintia Hinojosa,David Paunesku,Carissa Romero,Kate Flint,Alice M. Roberts,Jill Trott,Ronaldo Iachan,Jenny Buontempo,Sophia Man Yang,Carlos M. Carvalho,P. Richard Hahn,Maithreyi Gopalan,Pratik Mhatre,Ronald F. Ferguson,Angela L. Duckworth,Carol S. Dweck +24 more
TL;DR: A US national experiment showed that a short, online, self-administered growth mindset intervention can increase adolescents’ grades and advanced course-taking, and identified the types of school that were poised to benefit the most.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions.
TL;DR: Six explanations for US women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive STEM fields are summarized and evidence-based recommendations for policy and practice to improve STEM diversity are proposed and recommendations for future research directions are proposed.
References
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Book
Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of whether, if, how, and when a moderate mediator can be used to moderate another variable's effect in a conditional process analysis.
疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]/Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis :
Andrew F. Hayes,names +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of whether, if, how, and when a moderate mediator can be used to moderate another variable's effect in a conditional process analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
Claude M. Steele,Joshua Aronson +1 more
TL;DR: The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed and mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation.
TL;DR: The expectancy-value theory of motivation is discussed, focusing on an expectancy- value model developed and researched by Eccles, Wigfield, and their colleagues, and its components are compared to those of related constructs, including self-efficacy, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and interest.
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