First Light for GRAVITY: Phase Referencing Optical Interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer
R. Abuter,Matteo Accardo,António Amorim,Narsireddy Anugu,G. Avila,N. Azouaoui,Myriam Benisty,Jean-Philippe Berger,Nicolas Blind,H. Bonnet,Pierre Bourget,Wolfgang Brandner,R. Brast,A. Buron,Leonard Burtscher,Frédéric Cassaing,F. Chapron,Elodie Choquet,Y. Clénet,C. Collin,V. Coudé du Foresto,W. J. de Wit,P. T. de Zeeuw,Casey Deen,F. Delplancke-Ströbele,Roderick Dembet,Frederic Derie,Jason Dexter,Gilles Duvert,M. Ebert,Andreas Eckart,Frank Eisenhauer,Michael Esselborn,P. Fédou,G. Finger,Paulo J. V. Garcia,C. E. Garcia Dabo,R. J. García López,Eric Gendron,R. Genzel,Stefan Gillessen,Frédéric Gonté,Paulo Gordo,M. Grould,Ulrich Grözinger,S. Guieu,P. Haguenauer,O. Hans,Xavier Haubois,M. Haug,F. Haussmann,Th. Henning,Stefan Hippler,Matthew Horrobin,Armin Huber,Z. Hubert,N. Hubin,Christian A. Hummel,Gerd Jakob,A. Janssen,Lieselotte Jochum,Laurent Jocou,Andreas Kaufer,S. Kellner,L. Kern,Pierre Kervella,Mario Kiekebusch,Ralf Klein,Yitping Kok,Johann Kolb,Martin Kulas,Sylvestre Lacour,Vincent Lapeyrere,B. Lazareff,J.-B. Le Bouquin,Pierre Léna,Rainer Lenzen,Samuel Lévêque,Magdalena Lippa,Yves Magnard,Leander Mehrgan,M. Mellein,Antoine Mérand,J. Moreno-Ventas,Thibaut Moulin,Ewald Müller,F. Müller,Udo Neumann,S. Oberti,T. Ott,L. Pallanca,Johana Panduro,Luca Pasquini,T. Paumard,Isabelle Percheron,K. Perraut,Guy Perrin,A. Pflüger,O. Pfuhl,T. Phan Duc,P. M. Plewa,Dan Popovic,Sebastian Rabien,A. Ramirez,Juan-Luis Ramos,C. Rau,M. Riquelme,R.-R. Rohloff,G. Rousset,J. Sanchez-Bermudez,Silvia Scheithauer,Markus Schöller,Nicolas Schuhler,Jason Spyromilio,Christian Straubmeier,Eckhard Sturm,Marcos Suarez,Konrad R. W. Tristram,N. Ventura,F. H. Vincent,Idel Waisberg,Imke Wank,J. Weber,Ekkehard Wieprecht,M. Wiest,Erich Wiezorrek,Markus Wittkowski,Julien Woillez,Burkhard Wolff,Senol Yazici,D. Ziegler,Gérard Zins +131 more
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TLDR
GRAVITY as mentioned in this paper is a new instrument to coherently combine the light of the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer to form a telescope with an equivalent 130 m diameter angular resolution and a collecting area of 200 m$^2$.Abstract:
GRAVITY is a new instrument to coherently combine the light of the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer to form a telescope with an equivalent 130 m diameter angular resolution and a collecting area of 200 m$^2$. The instrument comprises fiber fed integrated optics beam combination, high resolution spectroscopy, built-in beam analysis and control, near-infrared wavefront sensing, phase-tracking, dual beam operation and laser metrology [...]. This article gives an overview of GRAVITY and reports on the performance and the first astronomical observations during commissioning in 2015/16. We demonstrate phase tracking on stars as faint as m$_K$ ~ 10 mag, phase-referenced interferometry of objects fainter than m$_K$ ~ 15 mag with a limiting magnitude of m$_K$ ~ 17 mag, minute long coherent integrations, a visibility accuracy of better than 0.25 %, and spectro-differential phase and closure phase accuracy better than 0.5°, corresponding to a differential astrometric precision of better than 10 microarcseconds ({\mu}as). The dual-beam astrometry, measuring the phase difference of two objects with laser metrology, is still under commissioning. First observations show residuals as low as 50 {\mu}as when following objects over several months. We illustrate the instrument performance with the observations of archetypical objects for the different instrument modes. Examples include the Galactic Center supermassive black hole and its fast orbiting star S2 for phase referenced dual beam observations and infrared wavefront sensing, the High Mass X-Ray Binary BP Cru and the Active Galactic Nucleus of PDS 456 for few {\mu}as spectro-differential astrometry, the T Tauri star S CrA for a spectro-differential visibility analysis, {\xi} Tel and 24 Cap for high accuracy visibility observations, and {\eta} Car for interferometric imaging with GRAVITY.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole
Roberto Abuter,António Amorim,Narsireddy Anugu,M. Bauböck,Myriam Benisty,Jean-Philippe Berger,Jean-Philippe Berger,Nicolas Blind,H. Bonnet,Wolfgang Brandner,A. Buron,C. Collin,F. Chapron,Yann Clénet,V. dCoudé u Foresto,P. T. de Zeeuw,P. T. de Zeeuw,Casey Deen,F. Delplancke-Ströbele,Roderick Dembet,Roderick Dembet,Jason Dexter,Gilles Duvert,Andreas Eckart,Andreas Eckart,Frank Eisenhauer,Gert Finger,N. M. Förster Schreiber,P. Fédou,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Paulo J. V. Garcia,R. Garcia Lopez,R. Garcia Lopez,Feng Gao,Eric Gendron,Reinhard Genzel,Reinhard Genzel,Stefan Gillessen,Paulo Gordo,Maryam Habibi,Xavier Haubois,M. Haug,F. Haußmann,Th. Henning,Stefan Hippler,Matthew Horrobin,Z. Hubert,Z. Hubert,Norbert Hubin,A. Jimenez Rosales,Lieselotte Jochum,Laurent Jocou,Andreas Kaufer,S. Kellner,Sarah Kendrew,Sarah Kendrew,Pierre Kervella,Yitping Kok,Martin Kulas,Sylvestre Lacour,V. Lapeyrère,Bernard Lazareff,J.-B. Le Bouquin,Pierre Léna,Magdalena Lippa,Rainer Lenzen,Antoine Mérand,E. Müler,E. Müler,Udo Neumann,Thomas Ott,L. Palanca,Thibaut Paumard,Luca Pasquini,Karine Perraut,Guy Perrin,Oliver Pfuhl,P. M. Plewa,Sebastian Rabien,A. Ramirez,Joany Andreina Manjarres Ramos,C. Rau,G. Rodríguez-Coira,R.-R. Rohloff,Gérard Rousset,J. Sanchez-Bermudez,J. Sanchez-Bermudez,Silvia Scheithauer,Markus Schöller,N. Schuler,Jason Spyromilio,Odele Straub,Christian Straubmeier,Eckhard Sturm,Linda J. Tacconi,Konrad R. W. Tristram,Frederic H. Vincent,S. von Fellenberg,Imke Wank,Idel Waisberg,Felix Widmann,Ekkehard Wieprecht,M. Wiest,Erich Wiezorrek,Julien Woillez,S. Yazici,S. Yazici,D. Ziegler,Gérard Zins +108 more
TL;DR: Eisenhauer et al. as mentioned in this paper detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z = Δλ / λ ≈ 200 km s−1/c with different statistical analysis methods.
Interferometry And Synthesis In Radio Astronomy
TL;DR: The interferometry and synthesis in radio astronomy is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Journal ArticleDOI
A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty
R. Abuter,António Amorim,M. Bauböck,Jean-Philippe Berger,Henri Bonnet,Wolfgang Brandner,Yann Clénet,V. Coudé du Foresto,P. T. de Zeeuw,Jason Dexter,Gilles Duvert,Andreas Eckart,Frank Eisenhauer,N. M. Förster Schreiber,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Feng Gao,Eric Gendron,Reinhard Genzel,Ortwin Gerhard,Stefan Gillessen,Maryam Habibi,Xavier Haubois,Thomas Henning,Stefan Hippler,Matthew Horrobin,A. Jiménez-Rosales,Laurent Jocou,Pierre Kervella,Sylvestre Lacour,Vincent Lapeyrere,J.-B. Le Bouquin,Pierre Léna,Thomas Ott,Thibaut Paumard,Karine Perraut,Guy Perrin,Oliver Pfuhl,Sebastian Rabien,G. Rodriguez Coira,G. Rousset,Silvia Scheithauer,Amiel Sternberg,Odele Straub,Christian Straubmeier,Eckhard Sturm,Linda J. Tacconi,F. Vincent,S. von Fellenberg,Idel Waisberg,Felix Widmann,Ekkehard Wieprecht,Erich Wiezorrek,Julien Woillez,Senol Yazici +53 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a 0.16% precise and 0.27% accurate determination of R 0, the distance to the Galactic center using the star S2 on its 16-year orbit around the massive black hole Sgr A* that they followed astrometrically and spectroscopically for 27 years.
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of orbital motions near the last stable circular orbit of the massive black hole SgrA
Roberto Abuter,António Amorim,M. Bauböck,Jean-Philippe Berger,H. Bonnet,Wolfgang Brandner,Yann Clénet,V. Coudé du Foresto,P. T. de Zeeuw,P. T. de Zeeuw,Casey Deen,Jason Dexter,Gilles Duvert,Andreas Eckart,Andreas Eckart,Frank Eisenhauer,N. M. Förster Schreiber,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Feng Gao,Eric Gendron,Reinhard Genzel,Reinhard Genzel,Stefan Gillessen,P. Guajardo,Maryam Habibi,Xavier Haubois,Th. Henning,Stefan Hippler,Matthew Horrobin,Armin Huber,A. Jiménez-Rosales,Laurent Jocou,Pierre Kervella,Sylvestre Lacour,Sylvestre Lacour,V. Lapeyrère,Bernard Lazareff,J.-B. Le Bouquin,Pierre Léna,Magdalena Lippa,Thomas Ott,Johana Panduro,Thibaut Paumard,Karine Perraut,Guy Perrin,Oliver Pfuhl,P. M. Plewa,Sebastian Rabien,G. Rodríguez-Coira,Gérard Rousset,Amiel Sternberg,Amiel Sternberg,Odele Straub,Christian Straubmeier,Eckhard Sturm,Linda J. Tacconi,Frederic H. Vincent,S. von Fellenberg,Idel Waisberg,Felix Widmann,Ekkehard Wieprecht,Erich Wiezorrek,Julien Woillez,S. Yazici,S. Yazici +66 more
TL;DR: In this article, the position centroids exhibit clockwise looped motion on the sky, on scales of typically 150 μ as over a few tens of minutes, corresponding to about 30% the speed of light.
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of the Schwarzschild precession in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole
Roberto Abuter,António Amorim,M. Bauböck,Jean-Philippe Berger,Jean-Philippe Berger,H. Bonnet,Wolfgang Brandner,Vitor Cardoso,Vitor Cardoso,Yann Clénet,P. T. de Zeeuw,P. T. de Zeeuw,Jason Dexter,Jason Dexter,Andreas Eckart,Andreas Eckart,Frank Eisenhauer,N. M. Förster Schreiber,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Paulo J. V. Garcia,Feng Gao,Eric Gendron,Reinhard Genzel,Reinhard Genzel,Stefan Gillessen,Maryam Habibi,Xavier Haubois,Th. Henning,Stefan Hippler,Matthew Horrobin,A. Jiménez-Rosales,Lieselotte Jochum,Laurent Jocou,Andreas Kaufer,Pierre Kervella,Sylvestre Lacour,V. Lapeyrère,J.-B. Le Bouquin,Pierre Léna,M. Nowak,M. Nowak,Thomas Ott,Thibaut Paumard,Karine Perraut,Guy Perrin,Oliver Pfuhl,Oliver Pfuhl,G. Rodríguez-Coira,Jinyi Shangguan,Silvia Scheithauer,Julia Stadler,Odele Straub,Christian Straubmeier,Eckhard Sturm,Linda J. Tacconi,F. Vincent,S. von Fellenberg,Idel Waisberg,Idel Waisberg,Felix Widmann,Ekkehard Wieprecht,Erich Wiezorrek,Julien Woillez,S. Yazici,S. Yazici,Gérard Zins +65 more
TL;DR: In this article, the first detection of the GR Schwarzschild precession (SP) in S2's orbit was reported, which is a kink between the pre-and post-pericentre directions of motion ≈±1 year around pericentre passage.
References
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TL;DR: High-resolution infrared observations of Sagittarius A* reveal ‘quiescent’ emission and several flares, and traces very energetic electrons or moderately hot gas within the innermost accretion region.
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