Journal ArticleDOI
Flavonoids—Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources
N.C. Cook,Samir Samman +1 more
TLDR
The structural requirements for the antioxidant and free radical scavenging functions of flavonoids include a hydroxyl group in carbon position three, a double bond between carbon positions two and three, carbonyl groups in carbon positions four, and polyhydroxylation of the A and B aromatic rings.Abstract:
Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, diverse in chemical structure and characteristics, found ubiquitously in plants. Therefore, flavonoids are part of the human diet. Over 4,000 different flavonoids have been identified within the major flavonoid classes which include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, dihydroflavonols, and chalcones. Flavonoids are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and are excreted either unchanged or as flavonoid metabolites in the urine and feces. Flavonoids are potent antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and metal chelators and inhibit lipid peroxidation. The structural requirements for the antioxidant and free radical scavenging functions of flavonoids include a hydroxyl group in carbon position three, a double bond between carbon positions two and three, a carbonyl group in carbon position four, and polyhydroxylation of the A and B aromatic rings. Epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between dietary flavonoid intake and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) which is explained in part by the inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation and reduced platelet aggregability. Dietary intake of flavonoids range between 23 mg/day estimated in The Netherlands and 170 mg/day estimated in the USA. Major dietary sources of flavonoids determined from studies and analyses conducted in The Netherlands include tea, onions, apples, and red wine. More research is needed for further elucidation of the mechanisms of flavonoid absorption, metabolism, biochemical action, and association with CHD.read more
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Polyphenols: Chemistry, Dietary Sources, Metabolism, and Nutritional Significance
TL;DR: An overview of the nutritional effects of the main groups of polyphenolic compounds, including their metabolism, effects on nutrient bioavailability, and antioxidant activity, is offered, as well as a brief description of the chemistry ofpolyphenols and their occurrence in plant foods.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grain Products
TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant activity and total phenolics of 28 plant products, including sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, wheat germ, buckwheat, and several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants were determined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships.
TL;DR: The diversity and multiple mechanisms of flavonoid action, together with the numerous methods of initiation, detection and measurement of oxidative processes in vitro and in vivo offer plausible explanations for existing discrepancies in structure-activity relationships.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview
Shashank Kumar,Abhay K. Pandey +1 more
TL;DR: The structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health
Gabriele Pizzino,Natasha Irrera,Mariapaola Cucinotta,Giovanni Pallio,Federica Mannino,Vincenzo Arcoraci,Francesco Squadrito,Domenica Altavilla,Alessandra Bitto +8 more
TL;DR: In this review, the most recent findings in the oxidative stress field are described, highlighting both its bad and good sides for human health.
References
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Beyond cholesterol, modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity
Book
The Merck index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals
TL;DR: The Merck Index as discussed by the authors is a one-volume encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals that contains more than 10,000 monographs, each monograph is a concise description of a single substance or a small group of closely related compounds.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study.
TL;DR: Flavonoids in regularly consumed foods may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease
Serge Renaud,M de Lorgeril +1 more
TL;DR: Data from Caerphilly, Wales, show that platelet aggregation, which is related to CHD, is inhibited significantly by alcohol at levels of intake associated with reduced risk of CHD.