Journal ArticleDOI
Genetics and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity
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TLDR
Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment, and is likely due both to differences in allelic expression across environments and to changes in interactions among loci.Abstract:
To achieve a coherent evolutionary theory, it is necessary to account for the effects of the environment on the process of development. Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment. Various measures of plasticity exist, many of which can be united within the framework of a polynomial function. This function is the norm of reaction. For the special case of a linear reaction norm, genetic variation can be partitioned into portions that are independent and dependent on the environment. From this partition two heritability measures are derived which can be used, alternatively, to compare populations or make predictions about the response to selection. Genetically, plasticity is likely due both to differences in allelic expression across environments and to changes in interactions among loci; plasticity is not a function of heterozygosity. Plasticity responds to both artificial and natural selection. The evolution of plasticity is modeled in thre...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview.
TL;DR: The existence of behavioral syndromes focuses the attention of behavioral ecologists on limited (less than optimal) behavioral plasticity and behavioral carryovers across situations, rather than on optimal plasticity in each isolated situation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adaptive versus non‐adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments
TL;DR: It is concluded that adaptive plasticity that places populations close enough to a new phenotypic optimum for directional selection to act is the only Plasticity that predictably enhances fitness and is most likely to facilitate adaptive evolution on ecological time-scales in new environments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity.
TL;DR: The costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity are thought to have important ecological and evolutionary consequences, yet they are not as well understood as the benefits of plasticity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Behavioral syndromes: An integrative overview
Andrew Sih,Alison M. Bell,Alison M. Bell,J. Chadwick Johnson,J. Chadwick Johnson,Robert E. Ziemba +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that behavioral syndromes could play a useful role as an integrative bridge between genetics, experience, neuroendocrine mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics.
Diana E. Bowler,Tim G. Benton +1 more
TL;DR: Logistical difficulties preclude a detailed study of dispersal for many species, however incorporating unrealistic dispersal assumptions in spatial population models may yield inaccurate and costly predictions, and further studies are necessary to explore the importance of incorporating specific condition‐dependent dispersal strategies for evolutionary and population dynamic predictions.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The measurement of selection on quantitative traits: biases due to environmental covariances between traits and fitness.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the phenotypic covariance between fitness and a trait, used as an estimate of the selection differential in estimating selection gradients, has two components: a component induced by selection itself and a component due to the effect of environmental factors on fitness.
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Evolution of generalists and specialists in spatially heterogeneous environments.
TL;DR: The results imply that the evolution of specialization and phenotypic plasticity may not only depend on selection regimes within habitats, but also on contingent, historical events (migration, mutation).
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The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect herbivore. ii. genetic correlations in larval performance within and among host plants.
TL;DR: Because the overall evolution of the phenotype is a composite of direct and correlated responses to selection, the evolutionary trajectories of genetically correlated characters are fundamentally interdependent.
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Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms
TL;DR: The methods and models presented here provide a framework in which empiricists may determine whether a reaction norm is optimal and, if it is not, to evaluate hypotheses for why it was not.
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An analysis of variability in number of digits in an inbred strain of guinea-pigs.
TL;DR: A series of grades of development of the little toes has been used in the records but for the purposes of this paper two will suffice : “Good” in which both little toes are full-sized and so firm that they do not bend back laterally to the foot on moderate pressure, and “poor” including all lower grades.