Book ChapterDOI
Genome Editing in Apple
Chikako Nishitani,Keishi Osakabe,Yuriko Osakabe +2 more
- pp 213-225
TLDR
This chapter will provide an overview of current studies of genome editing in apple and will discern and explore how this strategy will provide insights into molecular breeding technologies for genetic improvement of the apple.Abstract:
Genome editing with artificially engineered nucleases is an advanced molecular technology for pursuing precise and effective genetic engineering. In this technology, engineered nucleases induce DNA double-strand breaks at targeted sites in a genome, stimulating the DNA repair system in cells, thus enabling site-directed mutagenesis. Genome editing using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated protein9 (Cas9), originating from a defence system of prokaryotes, is a powerful technology that is now being widely utilized in molecular research studies, as well as in breeding programmes of various plant species, including fruit trees, to impart either novel or enhanced traits to established commercial cultivars or to new cultivars/genotypes. Recently, several reports have demonstrated successful apple genome editing and the introduction of important traits, such as those for early flowering and reduced fire blight susceptibility, to popular commercial cultivars, such as ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. It is important to point out that these reports reveal that such genome-edited/mutant apple plants or cell lines do not carry foreign genes. Nevertheless, during the process of precise genome editing, the coexistence of various types of mutations referred to as “mosaic mutations” and off-target effects are major concerns. Therefore, to minimize such effects, selection of target sequences and estimation of off-target effects for CRISPR/Cas9 has been developed for many organisms, and these have also been employed for apple by using in silico analysis based on genome information. On the other hand, apple genome heterozygosity has led to difficulties in genome editing, as the complex genome of apple precludes the use of some of these basic techniques for genome editing. Therefore, further studies focused on genome information and culture techniques tailored for apple are needed. It will be highly critical for each apple cultivar in developing precise and efficient genome editing for apple. This chapter will provide an overview of current studies of genome editing in apple and will discern and explore how this strategy will provide insights into molecular breeding technologies for genetic improvement of the apple.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Breeding and genetics of disease resistance in temperate fruit trees: challenges and new opportunities
Awais Khan,Schuyler S. Korban +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Spontaneous, Artificial, and Genome Editing-Mediated Mutations in Prunus
Ángela S. Prudencio,Sama Rahimi Devin,S. Mahdavi,Pedro J. Martínez-García,Juan A. Salazar,Pedro Martínez-Gómez +5 more
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the most relevant mutations for breeding traits in Prunus species such as flowering time, self-compatibility, fruit quality, and disease tolerance, including new molecular perspectives in the present postgenomic era including CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN editing technologies.
References
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PatentDOI
Self-fertile apple resulting from S-RNAase gene silencing
Greet Janssens,Willem F. Broekaert,Iise Nerum,W. Broothaerts,Rozemarijn Dreesen,Mark W. Davey,Johan Keulemans +6 more
TL;DR: Results confirm that self-fertility was due to inhibition of expression of the S-RNase gene in the pistil, resulting in un-arrested self-pollen tube growth, and fertilisation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Targeted mutagenesis using zinc-finger nucleases in perennial fruit trees.
Reut Peer,Gil Rivlin,Sara Golobovitch,Moshe Lapidot,Amit Gal-On,Alexander Vainstein,Tzvi Tzfira,Moshe A. Flaishman +7 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that targeting a gene in apple or fig with a ZFN introduced by transient or stable transformation should allow knockout of a gene of interest.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sequencing of a Wild Apple (Malus baccata) Genome Unravels the Differences Between Cultivated and Wild Apple Species Regarding Disease Resistance and Cold Tolerance.
Xilong Chen,Shiming Li,Dong Zhang,Mingyu Han,Xin Jin,Caipin Zhao,Songbo Wang,Libo Xing,Juanjuan Ma,Jingjing Ji,Na An +10 more
TL;DR: The first M. baccata genome assembly is presented, which may be useful for exploring genetic variations in diverse apple germplasm, and for facilitating marker-assisted breeding of new apple cultivars exhibiting resistance to disease and cold stress.
Journal ArticleDOI
Erwinia amylovora-induced defense mechanisms of two apple species that differ in susceptibility to fire blight
Renata Milčevičová,Christian Gosch,Heidrun Halbwirth,Karl Stich,Magda-Viola Hanke,Andreas Peil,Henryk Flachowsky,Wilfried Rozhon,Wilfried Rozhon,Claudia Jonak,Mouhssin Oufir,Jean Francais Hausman,Ildikó Matušíková,Silvia Fluch,Eva Wilhelm +14 more
TL;DR: In fire blight infected plants both the known pathways for SA synthesis as well as most of the phenylpropanoid genes examined were repressed due to disease, but apparently could be compensated by complex regulatory mechanisms.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Problem of the Low Rates of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knock-ins in Plants: Approaches and Solutions
TL;DR: The main repair pathways in plants according to the aspect of their involvement in genome editing are briefs both along the homologous recombination pathway and non-homologous end joining, which can be used for plant objects.