Journal ArticleDOI
Glial cell influence on the human blood-brain barrier.
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TLDR
Glial cells that become activated in response to signals derived from the immune system or generated within the CNS, produce an array of inflammatory molecules that increase permeability and promote lymphocyte trafficking and persistence, emphasizing the bidirectional nature of neural‐immune interactions.Abstract:
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized structure of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts immune cell migration and soluble molecule diffusion from the systemic compartment into the CNS. Astrocytes and microglia are resident cells of the CNS that contribute to the formation of the BBB. In this article, we consider the influence of these glial cells on the immune regulatory functions of the microvascular endothelium, with special emphasis on the human BBB. A series of in vitro studies demonstrate that soluble factors produced by glial cells, under basal culture conditions, help restrict development of inflammation within the CNS. These soluble factor effects include upregulating expression of molecules including HT7, UEA-1 lectin-binding sites, and angiotensin receptors that help define the phenotype of endothelial cells. These factors also induce tight junction formation between brain endothelial cells, contributing to the restricted permeability of the BBB. In contrast, these factors have little effect on expression of molecules by ECs that either promote lymphocyte migration, such as chemokines and adhesion molecules or molecules that are required for competent antigen presentation, such as MHC and co-stimulatory molecules. Glial cells that become activated in response to signals derived from the immune system or generated within the CNS, produce an array of inflammatory molecules that increase permeability and promote lymphocyte trafficking and persistence. These observations emphasize the bidirectional nature of neural-immune interactions; this dynamic system should be amenable to therapeutic interventions.read more
Citations
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References
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Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain
TL;DR: Endothelial and epithelial tight junctions occlude the interspaces between blood and parenchyma or cerebral ventricles, thereby constituting a structural basis for the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers.
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TL;DR: T helper cells type 1 (Th1s) that produce interferon-γ predominantly mediate cellular immune responses and are involved in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, whereas Th2s which produce large amounts of IL-4 and IL-5 upregulate IgE production and are prominent in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo.
TL;DR: Rat bone marrow chimeras and encephalitogenic, major histocompatability--restricted T-helper lymphocytes were used to show that a subset of endogenous CNS cells, commonly termed "perivascular microglial cells," is bone marrow-derived and are fully competent to present antigen to lymphocytes in an appropriately restricted manner.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Impaired monocyte migration and reduced type 1 (Th1) cytokine responses in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice.
Landin Boring,Jennifa Gosling,Stephen W. Chensue,Steven L. Kunkel,Robert V. Farese,Hal E. Broxmeyer,Israel F. Charo +6 more
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