Immunoactivation and immunopathogeny during active visceral leishmaniasis
Hiro Goto,M. G. Prianti +1 more
TLDR
An analysis of sequential data from studies of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters suggests that factors outside of the immune system are responsible for the early inactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which occurs before the expression of deactivating cytokines.Abstract:
Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex. During active disease in humans, high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α detected in blood serum, and high expression of IFN-γ mRNA in samples of the lymphoid organs suggest that the immune system is highly activated. However, studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells have found immunosuppression specific to Leishmania antigens; this poor immune response probably results from Leishmania antigen-engaged lymphocytes being trapped in the lymphoid organs. To allow the parasites to multiply, deactivating cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β may be acting on macrophages as well as anti-Leishmania antibodies that opsonize amastigotes and induce IL-10 production in macrophages. These high activation and deactivation processes are likely to occur mainly in the spleen and liver and can be confirmed through the examination of organ samples. However, an analysis of sequential data from studies of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters suggests that factors outside of the immune system are responsible for the early inactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which occurs before the expression of deactivating cytokines. In active visceral leishmaniasis, the immune system actively participates in non-lymphoid organ lesioning. While current views only consider immunocomplex deposition, macrophages, T cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins by diverse mechanism also play important roles in the pathogenesis.read more
Citations
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Pathogenesis of Chagas' Disease: Parasite Persistence and Autoimmunity
TL;DR: The phenotyping of the lesions revealed that cytotoxic CD45, CD8+ γδ, and CD8α+ T lymphocytes carry out the rejection of the chicken heart, suggesting that the inflammatory cardiomyopathy of Chagas' disease is a genetically driven autoimmune disease.
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Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology
TL;DR: The principal immunological findings against Leishmania infection in different animal models are discussed highlighting the importance of using experimental conditions similar to natural transmission and reservoir species as experimental models to study the immunopathology of the disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to experimental visceral leishmaniosis: BALB/c mouse versus syrian hamster model
Ana Nieto,Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal,José A. Orden,Ricardo de la Fuente,Nadia Madrid-Elena,Javier Carrión +5 more
TL;DR: The main goal of this review is to collate the relevant literature on Leishmania pathogenesis into a sequence of events, providing a schematic view of the main components of adaptive and innate immunity in the liver and spleen after experimental infection with L. infantum or L. donovani.
Journal ArticleDOI
Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection in Latin America
José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso,Gláucia Fernandes Cota,Alda Maria da Cruz,Hiro Goto,Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury,Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero,Marcia Leite de Sousa-Gomes,Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira,Ana Rabello +8 more
TL;DR: The formation of a Latin American network for coinfections of Leishmania and HIV to improve the consistency of research on the current situation of VL-HIV coinfection is strongly supported.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Severity of Visceral Leishmaniasis Correlates with Elevated Levels of Serum IL-6, IL-27 and sCD14.
Priscila L. Santos,Fabrícia Alvisi de Oliveira,Micheli Luize Barbosa Santos,Luana Celina Seraphim Cunha,Michelle T. B. Lino,Michelle F. S. de Oliveira,Manuela O. M. Bomfim,Angela Maria da Silva,Tatiana Rodrigues de Moura,Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus,Malcolm S. Duthie,Steven G. Reed,Roque P. Almeida +12 more
TL;DR: Test the hypothesis that the immune profile of individuals infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum is associated with the development and severity of disease and suggest the direct participation of sCD14 in the activation of the immune response against L. infantum, which reinforces the close relationship of IFN-γ,IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-27 in the immune dynamics of VL.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice
TL;DR: Established models of T-helper-2-cell dominance in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major — involving the early production of interleukin-4 by a small subset of LeishMania-specific CD4+ T cells — have been refined by accumulating evidence that this response is not sufficient and, under some circumstances, not required to promote susceptibility.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Role of Interleukin (IL)-10 in the Persistence of Leishmania major in the Skin after Healing and the Therapeutic Potential of Anti–IL-10 Receptor Antibody for Sterile Cure
Yasmine Belkaid,Karl F. Hoffmann,Susana Mendez,Shaden Kamhawi,Mark C. Udey,Tom A. Wynn,David L. Sacks +6 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Role of IL-10 in Promoting Disease Progression in Leishmaniasis
TL;DR: These studies indicate that amastigotes of Leishmania use an unusual and unexpected virulence factor, host IgG, which allows them to exploit the antiinflammatory effects of FcγR ligation to induce the production of IL-10, which renders macrophages refractory to the activating effects of IFN-γ.
Journal ArticleDOI
New Perspectives on a Subclinical Form of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Roberto Badaró,T. C. Jones,Edgar M. Carvalho,Diana P. Sampaio,Steven G. Reed,Aldina Barral,R. Teixeira,Warren D. Johnson +7 more
TL;DR: During an epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region of Brazil, new perspectives emerged on a subclinical form of the disease, where a group of 86 children with antibody to Leishmania were identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections.
H.W. Ghalib,Marcia Regina Piuvezam,Yasir A. W. Skeiky,M. Siddig,F.A. Hashim,Ahmed M. Elhassan,D M Russo,Steven G. Reed +7 more
TL;DR: Results indicate the production of IL-10 during L. donovani infection, and suggest a role for this cytokine in the regulation of immune responsiveness during visceral leishmaniasis.
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