Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2
TLDR
Kanneganti et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the key role played by innate immunity in the control and immunopathology of COVID-19 and discussed innate immune processes involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition and the resultant inflammation.Abstract:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. While most infections are mild, some patients experience severe and potentially fatal systemic inflammation, tissue damage, cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense, sensing the virus through pattern recognition receptors and activating inflammatory pathways that promote viral clearance. Here, we discuss innate immune processes involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition and the resultant inflammation. Improved understanding of how the innate immune system detects and responds to SARS-CoV-2 will help identify targeted therapeutic modalities that mitigate severe disease and improve patient outcomes. Kanneganti and Diamond review the key role played by innate immunity in the control and immunopathology of COVID-19. read more
Citations
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SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy
Sydney Stein,Sabrina Ramelli,Alison Grazioli,Joon-Yong Chung,Manmeet Singh,Claude Kwe Yinda,Clayton W. Winkler,Junfeng Sun,James Dickey,Kris Ylaya,Sung Hee Ko,Andrew Platt,Peter D. Burbelo,Martha Quezado,Stefania Pittaluga,M. Purcell,Vincent J. Munster,Frida Belinky,Marcos J Ramos-Benitez,Eli Boritz,Izabella A. Lach,Daniel Herr,Joseph Rabin,Kapil K. Saharia,Ronson J. Madathil,Ali Tabatabai,Shahabuddin Soherwardi,Michael T. McCurdy,Karin E. Peterson,Jeffrey I. Cohen,Emmie de Wit,Kevin M. Vannella,Stephen M. Hewitt,David E. Kleiner,Daniel S. Chertow +34 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors carried out complete autopsies on 44 patients who died with COVID-19, with extensive sampling of the central nervous system in 11 of these patients, to map and quantify the distribution, replication and cell-type specificity of SARS-CoV-2 across the human body, including the brain, from acute infection to more than seven months following symptom onset.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract
TL;DR: Hewitt et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung and airways following infection and vaccination, with particular focus on influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Host-directed immunotherapy of viral and bacterial infections: past, present and future
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide a historical perspective of host-directed immunotherapeutic interventions for viral and bacterial infections and then focus on SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two major human pathogens of the current era.
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Lung epithelial and myeloid innate immunity in influenza-associated or COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: an observational study
TL;DR: The role of lung epithelial and myeloid innate immunity in patients with IAPA or CAPA was explored in this article , showing that patients with CAPA had significantly lower neutrophil cell fractions than did patients with COVID-19 only.
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Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Dragan Primorac,Kristijan Vrdoljak,Petar Brlek,Eduard Pavelić,Vilim Molnar,Vid Matišić,Ivana Erceg Ivkošić,Marijo Parcina +7 more
TL;DR: The recent data showed that those who recovered from COVID-19 and those who are vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity and the impact of clonality in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic regarding breakthrough infections and variants of concern.
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SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor
Markus Hoffmann,Hannah Kleine-Weber,Simon Schroeder,Nadine Krüger,Tanja Herrler,Sandra Erichsen,Tobias S. Schiergens,Georg Herrler,Nai Huei Wu,Andreas Nitsche,Marcel A. Müller,Christian Drosten,Christian Drosten,Stefan Pöhlmann +13 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS -CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming, and it is shown that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized Sars-2-S-driven entry.