Mechanisms of Glutamate Transport
TLDR
A broad perspective of this field of research is provided, but focus primarily on the more recent studies with a particular emphasis on how the understanding of the structure of glutamate transporters has generated new insights.Abstract:
l-Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays important roles in a wide variety of brain functions, but it is also a key player in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The control of glutamate concentrations is critical to the normal functioning of the central nervous system, and in this review we discuss how glutamate transporters regulate glutamate concentrations to maintain dynamic signaling mechanisms between neurons. In 2004, the crystal structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian glutamate transporter family of proteins was crystallized and its structure determined. This has paved the way for a better understanding of the structural basis for glutamate transporter function. In this review we provide a broad perspective of this field of research, but focus primarily on the more recent studies with a particular emphasis on how our understanding of the structure of glutamate transporters has generated new insights.read more
Citations
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References
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Journal Article
The glutamate receptor ion channels
TL;DR: The cloning of cDNAs encoding glutamate receptor subunits, which occurred mainly between 1989 and 1992, stimulated the development of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels: Structure, Regulation, and Function
Stephen F. Traynelis,Lonnie P. Wollmuth,Chris J. McBain,Frank S. Menniti,Katie M. Vance,Kevin K. Ogden,Kasper B. Hansen,Hongjie Yuan,Scott J. Myers,Raymond Dingledine +9 more
TL;DR: This review discusses International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Knockout of Glutamate Transporters Reveals a Major Role for Astroglial Transport in Excitotoxicity and Clearance of Glutamate
Jeffrey D. Rothstein,Margaret Dykes-Hoberg,Carlos A. Pardo,Lynn A. Bristol,Lin Jin,Ralph W. Kuncl,Yoshikatsu Kanai,Matthias A. Hediger,Yanfeng Wang,Jerry P Schielke,Devin Franklin Welty +10 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that glial glutamate transporters provide the majority of functional glutamate transport and are essential for maintaining low extracellular glutamate and for preventing chronic glutamate neurotoxicity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epilepsy and Exacerbation of Brain Injury in Mice Lacking the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1
Kohichi Tanaka,Kei Watase,Toshiya Manabe,Keiko Yamada,Masahiko Watanabe,Katsunobu Takahashi,Hisayuki Iwama,Toru Nishikawa,Nobutsune Ichihara,Tateki Kikuchi,Shigeru Okuyama,Naoya Kawashima,Seiji Hori,Misato Takimoto,Keiji Wada +14 more
TL;DR: Homozygous mice deficient in GLT-1, a widely distributed astrocytic glutamate transporter, show lethal spontaneous seizures and increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury, which can be attributed to elevated levels of residual glutamate in the brains of these mice.