Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergic diseases: the role of regulatory T and B cells
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TLDR
Better understanding of the molecular mechanism governing the generation of Treg and Breg cells during allergen tolerance might well open new avenues for alternative therapeutic interventions in allergic diseases and help better understanding of other immune‐tolerance‐related diseases.Abstract:
Allergy is a major public health problem with a high socio-economic impact. The number of allergic patients is expected to reach to four billion within two decades when the World's population reaches to 10 billion. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying allergic diseases and allergen tolerance induction had significant advances during the last years. Nowadays, it is well accepted that the generation and maintenance of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) and the involvement of their suppressive cytokines and surface molecules are essential for the induction of allergen tolerance. These mechanisms play essential roles for the restoration of healthy immune responses to allergens in allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) and healthy immune response during high-dose antigen exposure in beekeepers and cat owners. AIT remains as the only disease-modifying and curative treatment for allergic diseases and represents a perfect model to investigate the antigen-specific immune responses in humans. A large number of clinical trials demonstrated AIT as an effective treatment in many patients, but it still faces several drawbacks in relation to efficacy, safety, long duration, and patient adherence. Novel strategies to overcome these inconveniences, such as the development of novel adjuvants and alternative routes of administration are being developed. The better understanding of the molecular mechanism governing the generation of Treg and Breg cells during allergen tolerance might well open new avenues for alternative therapeutic interventions in allergic diseases and help better understanding of other immune-tolerance-related diseases.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19.
Ahmet Kursat Azkur,Mübeccel Akdis,Dilek Azkur,Milena Sokolowska,Willem van de Veen,Marie-Charlotte Brüggen,Liam O'Mahony,Ya-dong Gao,Kari C. Nadeau,Cezmi A. Akdis +9 more
TL;DR: Understanding of the immune response and immunopathological changes in patients linked to deteriorating clinical conditions such as cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, autopsy findings and changes in acute‐phase reactants, and serum biochemistry in COVID‐19 is improved.
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Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy for inhaled allergens and predictive biomarkers.
TL;DR: Understanding mechanisms underlying induction and persistence of tolerance should identify predictive biomarkers of clinical response and discover novel and more effective strategies for immunotherapy.
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Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs.
Cezmi A. Akdis,Peter D. Arkwright,Marie-Charlotte Brüggen,William W. Busse,Massimo Gadina,Emma Guttman-Yassky,Emma Guttman-Yassky,Kenji Kabashima,Kenji Kabashima,Yasutaka Mitamura,Laura Vian,Jianni Wu,Jianni Wu,Oscar Palomares +13 more
TL;DR: The present review aims to highlight recent advances in type 2 immunity and discuss the cellular sources, targets, and roles of type 2 mechanisms in asthma and AD.
Depletion of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells promotes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
Roland Klingenberg,Norbert Gerdes,Robert M. Badeau,Anton Gisterå,Daniela Strodthoff,Daniel F. J. Ketelhuth,Anna M. Lundberg,Mats Rudling,Stefan K. Nilsson,Gunilla Olivecrona,Stefan Zoller,Christine Lohmann,Thomas F Luescher,Matti Jauhiainen,Tim Sparwasser,Göran K. Hansson +15 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that FOXP3(+) Tregs inhibit atherosclerosis by modulating lipoprotein metabolism by mediating the altered lipid phenotype.
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Is IgE or eosinophils the key player in allergic asthma pathogenesis? Are we asking the right question?
TL;DR: The different roles of the IgE and IL-5/eosinophil pathways in the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation occurring in allergic asthma are discussed, and the possible reasons to choose an anti-IgE mAb or anti-IL-5 treatment are discussed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Control of Regulatory T Cell Development by the Transcription Factor Foxp3
TL;DR: Foxp3, which encodes a transcription factor that is genetically defective in an autoimmune and inflammatory syndrome in humans and mice, is specifically expressed in naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells and retroviral gene transfer of Foxp3 converts naïve T cells toward a regulatory T cell phenotype similar to that of naturally occurring CD4+.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
TL;DR: Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells
TL;DR: It is reported that the forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 is specifically expressed in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and is required for their development and function and ectopic expression ofFoxp3 confers suppressor function on peripheral CD4-CD25− T cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases.
TL;DR: The authors showed that CD4+CD25+ cells contribute to maintaining self-tolerance by downregulating immune response to self and non-self Ags in an Ag-nonspecific manner, presumably at the T cell activation stage.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conversion of Peripheral CD4+CD25− Naive T Cells to CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells by TGF-β Induction of Transcription Factor Foxp3
Wanjun Chen,Wenwen Jin,Neil J. Hardegen,Ke Jian Lei,Li Li,Nancy J. Marinos,George McGrady,Sharon M. Wahl +7 more
TL;DR: Novel evidence is presented that conversion of naive peripheral CD4+CD25− T cells into anergic/suppressor cells that are CD25+, CD45RB−/low and intracellular CTLA-4+ can be achieved through costimulation with T cell receptors (TCRs) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).
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