Microtubule stabilization specifies initial neuronal polarization.
TLDR
Local microtubule stabilization in one neurite is a physiological signal specifying neuronal polarization, and local stabilization of microtubules using a photoactivatable analogue of taxol induces axon formation from the activated area.Abstract:
Axon formation is the initial step in establishing neuronal polarity. We examine here the role of microtubule dynamics in neuronal polarization using hippocampal neurons in culture. We see increased microtubule stability along the shaft in a single neurite before axon formation and in the axon of morphologically polarized cells. Loss of polarity or formation of multiple axons after manipulation of neuronal polarity regulators, synapses of amphids defective (SAD) kinases, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β correlates with characteristic changes in microtubule turnover. Consistently, changing the microtubule dynamics is sufficient to alter neuronal polarization. Application of low doses of the microtubule-destabilizing drug nocodazole selectively reduces the formation of future dendrites. Conversely, low doses of the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol shift polymerizing microtubules from neurite shafts to process tips and lead to the formation of multiple axons. Finally, local stabilization of microtubules using a photoactivatable analogue of taxol induces axon formation from the activated area. Thus, local microtubule stabilization in one neurite is a physiological signal specifying neuronal polarization.read more
Citations
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Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transport
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Microtubule assembly, organization and dynamics in axons and dendrites.
Cecilia Conde,Alfredo Cáceres +1 more
TL;DR: Current understanding of the regulation of microtubule assembly, organization and dynamics in axons and dendrites is reviewed to provide new insight into microtubules' function in neuronal development and their potential contribution to plasticity.
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GSK3 signalling in neural development
Eun Mi Hur,Feng Quan Zhou +1 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms by which GSK3 activity is regulated in the nervous system are discussed and an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of how G SK3 signalling controls neurogenesis, neuronal polarization and axon growth during brain development is provided.
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Establishment of axon-dendrite polarity in developing neurons
Anthony P. Barnes,Franck Polleux +1 more
TL;DR: The recent data supporting an integrative model whereby extracellular cues orchestrate the intracellular signaling underlying the initial break of neuronal symmetry leading to axon-dendrite polarization are synthesized.
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Microtubule Stabilization Reduces Scarring and Causes Axon Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury
Farida Hellal,Andres Hurtado,Jörg Ruschel,Kevin C. Flynn,Claudia J. Laskowski,Martina Umlauf,Lukas C. Kapitein,Dinara Strikis,Vance Lemmon,John L. Bixby,Casper C. Hoogenraad,Frank Bradke +11 more
TL;DR: Moderate microtubule stabilization decreases scar formation after spinal cord injury in rodents through various cellular mechanisms, including dampening of transforming growth factor–β signaling and enhances the capacity of axons to grow.
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