In this paper, the authors discuss how driven chemical reactions can arrest universal coarsening kinetics expected from thermal phase separation, and how motility leads to the emergence of a novel universality class when the rotational symmetry is spontaneously broken in an incompressible fluid.
Abstract:
Phase transitions, such as the freezing of water and the magnetisation of a ferromagnet upon lowering the ambient temperature, are familiar physical phenomena. Interestingly, such a collective change of behaviour at a phase transition is also of importance to living systems. From cytoplasmic organisation inside a cell to the collective migration of cell tissue during organismal development and wound healing, phase transitions have emerged as key mechanisms underlying many crucial biological processes. However, a living system is fundamentally different from a thermal system, with driven chemical reactions (e.g., metabolism) and motility being two hallmarks of its nonequilibrium nature. In this review, we will discuss how driven chemical reactions can arrest universal coarsening kinetics expected from thermal phase separation, and how motility leads to the emergence of a novel universality class when the rotational symmetry is spontaneously broken in an incompressible fluid.
TL;DR: A minimal model for an active colloidal fluid in the form of self-propelled Brownian spheres that interact purely through excluded volume with no aligning interaction undergoes an analog of an equilibrium continuous phase transition, with a binodal curve beneath which the system separates into dense and dilute phases whose concentrations depend only on activity.
TL;DR: It is found that TAF15 has a unique charge distribution among the FET family members that enhances its interactions with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, suggesting that positive feedback between interacting transcriptional components drives localized phase separation to amplify gene expression.
TL;DR: In this article, the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of DEAD-box helicase Ddx4 was simulated to assess roles of electrostatic, hydrophobic, cation-π, and aromatic interactions in amino acid sequence-dependent LLPS.
TL;DR: The phenomena of cytoplasmic streaming, elastotaxis, and active mechanosensing find natural explanations within the model of hydrodynamic velocity, concentration, and stress fields in a suspension of active, energy-dissipating particles.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived a Doi-Peliti field theory and used it to calculate the entropy production and other observables in closed form, and all their results are exact.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the disease-related RBP hnRNPA1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into protein-rich droplets mediated by a low complexity sequence domain (LCD), and suggested that LCD-mediated LLPS contributes to the assembly of stress granules and their liquid properties.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a thoroughly modern graduate-level introduction to the theory of critical behavior, including phase diagrams, fixed points, cross-over behavior, finite-size scaling, perturbative renormalization methods, low-dimensional systems, surface critical behaviour, random systems, percolation, polymer statistics, critical dynamics and conformal symmetry.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a quantitative continuum theory of flock behavior, which predicts the existence of an ordered phase of flocks, in which all members of even an arbitrarily large flock move together with the same mean velocity.
TL;DR: In Veranlassung der Abfassung einiger Kapitel meines Lehrbuches der allgemeinen Chemie habe ich mehrere bereits bekannte Versuche bezüglich der Bildung fester Körper aus Lösungen und Schmelzen, sowie ihrer polymorphen Umwandlungen wiederholt, um die Erscheinungen aus eigener Anschauung kennen zu lernen as mentioned in this paper
TL;DR: A selective overview of the fast-developing field of MIPS, focusing on theory and effects, is given, which generally breaks down at higher order in gradients.
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Novel physics arising from phase transitions in biology" ?
In this review, the authors will discuss how driven chemical reactions can arrest universal coarsening kinetics expected from thermal phase separation, and how motility leads to the emergence of a novel universality class when the rotational symmetry is spontaneously broken in an incompressible fluid.
Q2. What are the future works mentioned in the paper "Novel physics arising from phase transitions in biology" ?
In terms of outlook, the authors believe the following future directions will expand the horizon of both biology and physics. ( i ) In Sec. 2 the authors have studied how driven chemical reactions can stabilise a multidrop, ternary system. As the cell cytoplasm is a complex mixture of thousands of different molecules [ 82, 83 ] it will be interesting to see how these results may be modified in a many-component mixtures. Such a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Novel physics arising from phase transitions in biology 32 structure naturally suggests a kind of repulsive interactions between drops, which may serve to stabilise a multi-drop system against coarsening via coalescence due to drop diffusion.