Journal ArticleDOI
Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine and the Regulation of Effort in Food-Seeking Behavior: Implications for Studies of Natural Motivation, Psychiatry, and Drug Abuse
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TLDR
Accumbens DA may be important for enabling rats to overcome behavioral constraints, such as work-related response costs, and may be critical for the behavioral organization and conditioning processes that enable animals to engage in vigorous responses, or to emit large numbers of responses in ratio schedules in the absence of primary reinforcement.Abstract:
For several decades, it has been suggested that dopamine (DA), especially in nucleus accumbens, mediates the primary reinforcing characteristics of natural stimuli such as food, as well as drugs of abuse. Yet, several fundamental aspects of primary food reinforcement, motivation, and appetite are left intact after interference with accumbens DA transmission. Recent studies have shown that accumbens DA is involved in responsiveness to conditioned stimuli and activational aspects of motivation. In concurrent choice tasks, accumbens DA depletions cause animals to reallocate their choice behavior in the direction of instrumental behaviors that involve less effort. Also, an emerging body of evidence has demonstrated that the effects of accumbens DA depletions on instrumental food-seeking behavior can vary greatly depending upon the task. For example, some schedules of reinforcement are insensitive to the effects of DA depletions, whereas others are highly sensitive (e.g., large fixed ratios). Accumbens DA depletions slow the rate of operant responding, blunt the rate-facilitating effects of moderate-sized ratios, and enhance the rate-suppressing effects of very large ratios (i.e., produce ratio strain). Accumbens DA may be important for enabling rats to overcome behavioral constraints, such as work-related response costs, and may be critical for the behavioral organization and conditioning processes that enable animals to engage in vigorous responses, such as barrier climbing, or to emit large numbers of responses in ratio schedules in the absence of primary reinforcement. The involvement of accumbens DA in activational aspects of motivation has implications for energy-related disorders in psychiatry, as well as aspects of drug-seeking behavior.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex.
TL;DR: Experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell), whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the vents of the ventral striatum.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits.
TL;DR: Along with prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, nucleus accumbens is a component of the brain circuitry regulating effort-related functions and may have implications for understanding drug abuse, as well as energy-related disorders such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue, or anergia in depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
The neurobiology and control of anxious states
TL;DR: The present article focuses in particular upon the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research.
Journal ArticleDOI
The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits
Andre Der-Avakian,Athina Markou +1 more
TL;DR: The neural bases of the construct of anhedonia are reviewed, which reflects deficits in hedonic capacity and also closely linked to the constructs of reward valuation, decision-making, anticipation and motivation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurobiology of exercise.
Rod K. Dishman,Hans-Rudolf Berthoud,Frank W. Booth,Carl W. Cotman,V. Reggie Edgerton,Monika Fleshner,Simon C. Gandevia,Fernando Gomez-Pinilla,Benjamin N. Greenwood,Charles H. Hillman,Arthur F. Kramer,Barry E. Levin,Timothy H. Moran,Amelia A. Russo-Neustadt,John D. Salamone,Jacqueline D. Van Hoomissen,Charles E. Wade,David A. York,Michael J. Zigmond +18 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms explaining these adaptations are not as yet known, but metabolic and neurochemical pathways among skeletal muscle, the spinal cord, and the brain offer plausible, testable mechanisms that might help explain effects of physical activity and exercise on the central nervous system.
References
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What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
TL;DR: It is suggested that dopamine may be more important to incentive salience attributions to the neural representations of reward-related stimuli and is a distinct component of motivation and reward.
Journal ArticleDOI
A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction
Roy A. Wise,Michael A. Bozarth +1 more
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Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
TL;DR: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) appears to be required for a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus to gain access to the current value of the specific unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts, while the central nucleus of the amygdala acts as a controller of brainstem arousal and response systems, and subserves some forms of stimulus-response Pavlovia conditioning.
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The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking
Satoshi Ikemoto,Jaak Panksepp +1 more
TL;DR: The present analysis suggests that NAS DA plays an important role in sensorimotor integrations that facilitate flexible approach responses, and offers the following interpretation for the finding that both conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli stimulate DA release in the NAS: NAS DA invigorates approach responses toward 'safety'.
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A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants
TL;DR: The present review examines the literature and critically evaluates the extent to which the neural consequences of repeated psychostimulant administration are associated with the expression of behavioral sensitization.