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Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease.

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TLDR
In this article, the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.
Abstract
The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have in common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is the greatest modulator of immune system–microbiota crosstalk, and much interest, and new challenges, are arising in the area of precision nutrition as a way towards treatment and prevention. It is a fact that the westernized diet (WD) is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs, negatively affecting both gut microbiota and the immune system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such as Mediterranean diet (MD), positively influence immune system and gut microbiota, and is proposed not only as a potential tool in the clinical management of different disease conditions, but also for prevention and health promotion globally. Thus, the purpose of this review is to determine the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.

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Ultra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress was investigated. But the authors focused on the effects on the health and welfare of the animals.
References
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TL;DR: It appears that the relationship between the gut microbiota and disease is bidirectional, instead of causal or consequential, and personalized nutritional and therapeutic strategies targeting the Gut microbiota may create a new era in the human health.
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TL;DR: This work discusses recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of M-cell differentiation and functions and describes how M cells are highly specialized to take up intestinal microbial antigens and deliver them to GALT for efficient mucosal as well as systemic immune responses.
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TL;DR: New aspects of host–microbiota interaction and the immune system are discussed with a special focus on MS as a prototype T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS.
OtherDOI

Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis.

TL;DR: As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states.
Journal ArticleDOI

The food matrix: implications in processing, nutrition and health

TL;DR: The effect of the food matrix (FM-effect) is discussed in reference to food processing, oral processing and flavor perception, satiation and satiety, and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, and a classification for the major types of matrices found in foods is proposed.
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