Organometallic Anticancer Compounds
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The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed, and organometallic compounds have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates.Abstract:
The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed.1,2 Despite their tremendous success, these platinum compounds suffer from two main disadvantages: they are inefficient against platinum-resistant tumors, and they have severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity. The latter drawback is the consequence of the fact that the ultimate target of these drugs is ubiquitous: It is generally accepted that Pt anticancer drugs target DNA, which is present in all cells.3,4 Furthermore, as a consequence of its particular chemical structure, cisplatin in particular offers little possibility for rational improvements to increase its tumor specificity and thereby reduce undesired side effects.
In this context, organometallic compounds, which are defined as metal complexes containing at least one direct, covalent metal−carbon bond, have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates. Organometallics have a great structural variety (ranging from linear to octahedral and even beyond), have far more diverse stereochemistry than organic compounds (for an octahedral complex with six different ligands, 30 stereoisomers exist!), and by rational ligand design, provide control over key kinetic properties (such as hydrolysis rate of ligands). Furthermore, they are kinetically stable, usually uncharged, and relatively lipophilic and their metal atom is in a low oxidation state. Because of these fundamental differences compared to “classical coordination metal complexes”, organometallics offer ample opportunities in the design of novel classes of medicinal compounds, potentially with new metal-specific modes of action. Interestingly, all the typical classes of organometallics such as metallocenes, half-sandwich, carbene-, CO-, or π-ligands, which have been widely used for catalysis or biosensing purposes, have now also found application in medicinal chemistry (see Figure Figure11 for an overview of these typical classes of organometallics).
Figure 1
Summary of the typical classes of organometallic compounds used in medicinal chemistry.
In this Perspective, we report on the recent advances in the discovery of organometallics with proven antiproliferative activity. We are emphasizing those compounds where efforts have been made to identify their molecular target and mode of action by biochemical or cell biology studies. This Perspective covers more classes of compounds and in more detail than a recent tutorial review by Hartinger and Dyson.(5) Furthermore, whereas recent reviews and book contributions attest to the rapid development of bioorganometallic chemistry in general,6,7 this Perspective focuses on their potential application as anticancer chemotherapeutics. Another very recent review article categorizes inorganic anticancer drug candidates by their modes of action.(8) It should be mentioned that a full description of all currently investigated types of compounds is hardly possible anymore in a concise review. For example, a particularly promising class of organometallic anticancer compounds, namely, radiolabeled organometallics, has been omitted for space limitations. Recent developments of such compounds have been reviewed in detail by Alberto.(9)read more
Citations
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Brief survey on organometalated antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials with antibacterial activity.
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes recent progress in the field of organometallic-derived antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials having antibacterial activity, including β-lactams, ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and ethambutol.
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The versatile ruthenium(II/III) tetraazamacrocycle complexes and their nitrosyl derivatives
Fabio Gorzoni Doro,Fabio Gorzoni Doro,Kleber Queiroz Ferreira,Kleber Queiroz Ferreira,Zênis Novais da Rocha,Zênis Novais da Rocha,Giovanni F. Caramori,Anderson J. Gomes,Elia Tfouni +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the results obtained in the last decade for ruthenium(II/III) complexes with tetraazamacrocycles (mac) such as cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), [RuL1L2(mac)]q+ with emphasis on nitrosyls.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of trackable metal-based drugs: new generation of therapeutic agents
TL;DR: In medicinal chemistry, the aim is not only to conceive ever more efficient molecules, but also to understand their mechanism of action, and metal-based drugs are ideal to exploit this expanding area of research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of the in vitro anticancer activity of cyclometalated half-sandwich rhodium and iridium complexes coordinated to naphthaldimine-based poly(propyleneimine) dendritic scaffolds
Lara C. Sudding,Richard M. Payne,Preshendren Govender,Fabio Edafe,Catherine M. Clavel,Paul J. Dyson,Bruno Therrien,Gregory S. Smith +7 more
TL;DR: The development of cyclometalated rhodium and iridium complexes from first-and second-generation naphthaldimine-based poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer scaffolds of the type DAB-(NH2)(n) (where n = 4 or 8, DAB = diaminobutane) has been accomplished.
Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis, electronic structure and molecular docking of new organometallic palladium (II) complexes with intercalator ligands: The influence of bridged ligands on enhanced DNA/serum protein binding and in vitro antitumoral activity
Kazem Karami,Zohreh Mehri Lighvan,Maryam Dehdashti Jahromi,Janusz Lipkowski,Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni +4 more
TL;DR: Novel organometallic palladium(II) complexes exhibit significant in vitro selective cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines (JURKAT and SKOV3) with IC50 values varying from 2.3 to 6.7 μM, indicating that they are more active than cisplatin and showing low cytotoxic activity on normal cells.
References
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Inflammation and cancer
Lisa M. Coussens,Zena Werb +1 more
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Cisplatin : chemistry and biochemistry of a leading anticancer drug
TL;DR: The start: platinum complexes for the treatment of cancer - why the search goes on and new developments: structure-activity relationships within di- and trinuclear platinum phase I clinical anticancer agents the development of orally-active platinum drugs methods for screening the potential antitumor activity of platinum compounds in combinatorial libraries computational studies on platinum antitumors complexes and their adducts with nucleid acids constituents.
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Bioorganometallic Chemistry of Ferrocene
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Bioorganometallic chemistry—from teaching paradigms to medicinal applications
TL;DR: In this tutorial review, various aspects of bioorganometallic chemistry are introduced, with the main emphasis on medicinal organometallic compounds, and rational ligand design has been shown.