Organometallic Anticancer Compounds
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The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed, and organometallic compounds have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates.Abstract:
The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed.1,2 Despite their tremendous success, these platinum compounds suffer from two main disadvantages: they are inefficient against platinum-resistant tumors, and they have severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity. The latter drawback is the consequence of the fact that the ultimate target of these drugs is ubiquitous: It is generally accepted that Pt anticancer drugs target DNA, which is present in all cells.3,4 Furthermore, as a consequence of its particular chemical structure, cisplatin in particular offers little possibility for rational improvements to increase its tumor specificity and thereby reduce undesired side effects.
In this context, organometallic compounds, which are defined as metal complexes containing at least one direct, covalent metal−carbon bond, have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates. Organometallics have a great structural variety (ranging from linear to octahedral and even beyond), have far more diverse stereochemistry than organic compounds (for an octahedral complex with six different ligands, 30 stereoisomers exist!), and by rational ligand design, provide control over key kinetic properties (such as hydrolysis rate of ligands). Furthermore, they are kinetically stable, usually uncharged, and relatively lipophilic and their metal atom is in a low oxidation state. Because of these fundamental differences compared to “classical coordination metal complexes”, organometallics offer ample opportunities in the design of novel classes of medicinal compounds, potentially with new metal-specific modes of action. Interestingly, all the typical classes of organometallics such as metallocenes, half-sandwich, carbene-, CO-, or π-ligands, which have been widely used for catalysis or biosensing purposes, have now also found application in medicinal chemistry (see Figure Figure11 for an overview of these typical classes of organometallics).
Figure 1
Summary of the typical classes of organometallic compounds used in medicinal chemistry.
In this Perspective, we report on the recent advances in the discovery of organometallics with proven antiproliferative activity. We are emphasizing those compounds where efforts have been made to identify their molecular target and mode of action by biochemical or cell biology studies. This Perspective covers more classes of compounds and in more detail than a recent tutorial review by Hartinger and Dyson.(5) Furthermore, whereas recent reviews and book contributions attest to the rapid development of bioorganometallic chemistry in general,6,7 this Perspective focuses on their potential application as anticancer chemotherapeutics. Another very recent review article categorizes inorganic anticancer drug candidates by their modes of action.(8) It should be mentioned that a full description of all currently investigated types of compounds is hardly possible anymore in a concise review. For example, a particularly promising class of organometallic anticancer compounds, namely, radiolabeled organometallics, has been omitted for space limitations. Recent developments of such compounds have been reviewed in detail by Alberto.(9)read more
Citations
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Silicon-Containing Aminoquinoline Organometallic Complexes As Antiplasmodial, Antitumor, and Antimycobacterial Agents
Yiqun Li,Carmen de Kock,Pete Smith,Hajira Guzgay,Denver T. Hendricks,Krupa Naran,Valerie Mizrahi,Digby F. Warner,Kelly Chibale,Gregory S. Smith +9 more
TL;DR: Two silicon-containing analogues (1, 2) of chloroquine, modified in the lateral side chain with organosilicon moieties, were synthesized and further reacted with dinuclear half-sandwich transition metal precursors [Ru(Ar)(μ-Cl)Cl]2 as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Palladium Complexes with Tridentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Selective “Normal” and “Abnormal” Bindings and Their Anticancer Activities
TL;DR: A series of new imidazolium salts were synthesized by simple quaternization reactions of 1-benzyl-1H-imidazole or 2-chloro-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)acetamide.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ferrocifen derivatives that induce senescence in cancer cells: selected examples
Céline Bruyère,Céline Bruyère,Véronique Mathieu,Anne Vessières,Anne Vessières,Pascal Pigeon,Pascal Pigeon,Pascal Pigeon,Siden Top,Siden Top,Gérard Jaouen,Gérard Jaouen,Gérard Jaouen,Robert Kiss +13 more
TL;DR: P5 and DP1 ferrocenyl complexes induce senescence in various cancer cell models associated with distinct sensitivity to pro-apoptotic stimuli.
Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis, structures and mechanistic pathways of anticancer activity of palladium(II) complexes with indole-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones
Jebiti Haribabu,M. Muthu Tamizh,Chandrasekar Balachandran,Y. Arun,Nattamai Bhuvanesh,Akira Endo,Ramasamy Karvembu +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of substitution at the terminal nitrogen of thiosemicarbazones on the biological properties of their PdII complexes was investigated by using a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Application of imaging mass spectrometry approaches to facilitate metal-based anticancer drug research
Ronald F. S. Lee,Sarah Theiner,Anders Meibom,Anders Meibom,Gunda Koellensperger,Bernhard K. Keppler,Paul J. Dyson +6 more
TL;DR: The technological features of the mass spectrometry imaging methods used are covered and an overview of the applications in metal-based anticancer drug research as well as some future perspectives are given.
References
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Inflammation and cancer
Lisa M. Coussens,Zena Werb +1 more
TL;DR: It is now becoming clear that the tumour microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells, is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival and migration.
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Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs.
Dong Wang,Stephen J. Lippard +1 more
TL;DR: This review focuses on recently discovered cellular pathways that are activated in response to cisplatin, including those involved in regulating drug uptake, the signalling of DNA damage, cell-cycle checkpoints and arrest, DNA repair and cell death.
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Cisplatin : chemistry and biochemistry of a leading anticancer drug
TL;DR: The start: platinum complexes for the treatment of cancer - why the search goes on and new developments: structure-activity relationships within di- and trinuclear platinum phase I clinical anticancer agents the development of orally-active platinum drugs methods for screening the potential antitumor activity of platinum compounds in combinatorial libraries computational studies on platinum antitumors complexes and their adducts with nucleid acids constituents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioorganometallic Chemistry of Ferrocene
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioorganometallic chemistry—from teaching paradigms to medicinal applications
TL;DR: In this tutorial review, various aspects of bioorganometallic chemistry are introduced, with the main emphasis on medicinal organometallic compounds, and rational ligand design has been shown.