Journal ArticleDOI
Outcome of Influenza Infection: Effect of Site of Initial Infection and Heterotypic Immunity
TLDR
Some of the variation in the severity of influenza infections may be explained by two factors: the site of initial infection and previous infection with heterotypic influenza virus.Abstract:
An infection established throughout the total respiratory tract of mice with a highly lung adapted influenza virus (H0N1) led to death from viral pneumonia. The 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) was approximately the same as the 50% infectious dose (ID(50)). An infection with the same virus initiated in the nasal mucosa spread to the trachea and lungs over a 3- to 5-day period but was not lethal except at very high infecting doses. The LD(50) was 30,000 times the ID(50). Mice that had recovered from a prior infection with A/PC/73(H3N2) demonstrated enhanced recovery (heterotypic immunity) when challenged with A/PR/8/34(H0N1). Heterotypically immune mice infected while anesthetized with this potentially lethal virus stopped shedding virus from the nose, trachea, and lungs by day 7 and recovered. Heterotypically immune mice, infected awake, stopped shedding virus from the nose by day 5, and, in fact, the virus did not spread to the trachea or lungs. Thus, some of the variation in the severity of influenza infections may be explained by two factors: the site of initial infection and previous infection with heterotypic influenza virus.read more
Citations
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Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein
Jeffrey B. Ulmer,John J. Donnelly,Suezanne E. Parker,Gary Rhodes,Philip L. Felgner,V. J. Dwarki,Stanislaw H. Gromkowski,R. Randall Deck,Corrille M. DeWitt,Arthur Friedman,Linda A. Hawe,Karen R. Leander,Douglas Martinez,Helen C. Perry,John W. Shiver,Donna L. Montgomery,Margaret A. Liu +16 more
TL;DR: To generate a viral antigen for presentation to the immune system without the limitations of direct peptide delivery or viral vectors, plasmid DNA encoding influenza A nucleop protein was injected into the quadriceps of BALB/c mice and resulted in the generation of nucleoprotein-specific CTLs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events
TL;DR: It is shown that a genome-wide duplication post-dates the divergence of Arabidopsis from most dicots, and that additional, more ancient duplication events affect more distant taxonomic comparisons.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution
TL;DR: By matching model output to phylogenetic patterns seen in sequence data collected through global surveillance, it is found that short-lived strain-transcending immunity is essential to restrict viral diversity in the host population and thus to explain key aspects of drift and shift dynamics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activated Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells Persist in the Lungs Following Recovery from Respiratory Virus Infections
Robert J. Hogan,Edward J. Usherwood,Weimin Zhong,Alan D. Roberts,Richard W. Dutton,Allen G. Harmsen,David L. Woodland +6 more
TL;DR: A substantial population of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung that persist for several months after recovery from an influenza or Sendai virus infection is identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transgenic mice lacking class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells have delayed viral clearance and increased mortality after influenza virus challenge.
TL;DR: It is found that after challenge with a nonlethal influenza virus, the beta 2-M (-/-) mice had significantly delayed pulmonary viral clearance, but other host defense mechanisms can clear the respiratory tract of more benign infections.
References
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A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints
Lowell J. Reed,H. Muench +1 more
Journal Article
Application of a microtechnique to viral serological investigations.
TL;DR: A microtechnique (modified Takatsy) is described which can be applied to complement fixation, hemagglutination, hemagenesis inhibition and metabolic inhibition tests andComparative data obtained with the micro- and standard systems establish the reliability and validity of the microsystem.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds.
TL;DR: The concept that hand contact/self-inoculation may be an important natural route of rhinovirus transmission is supported, and spread by hand-to-hand contact and large- and small-particle aerosols compared is compared.