Random numbers certified by Bell's theorem.
Stefano Pironio,Stefano Pironio,Antonio Acín,Serge Massar,A. Boyer de la Giroday,Dzmitry Matsukevich,Peter Maunz,Steven Olmschenk,David Hayes,Le Luo,T. A. Manning,Christopher Monroe +11 more
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It is shown that the non-local correlations of entangled quantum particles can be used to certify the presence of genuine randomness, and it is thereby possible to design a cryptographically secure random number generator that does not require any assumption about the internal working of the device.Abstract:
True randomness does not exist in classical physics, where randomness is necessarily a result of forces that may be unknown but exist. The quantum world, however, is intrinsically truly random. This is difficult to prove, as it is not readily distinguishable from noise and other uncontrollable factors. Now Pironio et al. present proof of a quantitative relationship between two fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics — randomness and the non-locality of entangled particles. They first show theoretically that the violation of a Bell inequality certifies the generation of new randomness, independently of any implementation details. To illustrate the approach, they then perform an experiment in which — as confirmed using the theoretical tools that they developed — 42 new random bits have been generated. As well as having conceptual implications, this work has practical implications for cryptography and for numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Here it is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that non-local correlations between entangled quantum particles can be used for a new cryptographic application — the generation of certified private random numbers — that is impossible to achieve classically. The results have implications for future device-independent quantum information experiments and for addressing fundamental issues regarding the randomness of quantum theory. Randomness is a fundamental feature of nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize mathematically1, and their generation must rely on an unpredictable physical process2,3,4,5,6. Inaccuracies in the theoretical modelling of such processes or failures of the devices, possibly due to adversarial attacks, limit the reliability of random number generators in ways that are difficult to control and detect. Here, inspired by earlier work on non-locality-based7,8,9 and device-independent10,11,12,13,14 quantum information processing, we show that the non-local correlations of entangled quantum particles can be used to certify the presence of genuine randomness. It is thereby possible to design a cryptographically secure random number generator that does not require any assumption about the internal working of the device. Such a strong form of randomness generation is impossible classically and possible in quantum systems only if certified by a Bell inequality violation15. We carry out a proof-of-concept demonstration of this proposal in a system of two entangled atoms separated by approximately one metre. The observed Bell inequality violation, featuring near perfect detection efficiency, guarantees that 42 new random numbers are generated with 99 per cent confidence. Our results lay the groundwork for future device-independent quantum information experiments and for addressing fundamental issues raised by the intrinsic randomness of quantum theory.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres
Bas Hensen,Hannes Bernien,Hannes Bernien,A. Dréau,Andreas Reiserer,Norbert Kalb,Machiel Blok,Justus W. Ruitenberg,R. F. L. Vermeulen,Raymond N. Schouten,Carlos Abellan,Waldimar Amaya,Valerio Pruneri,Valerio Pruneri,Morgan W. Mitchell,Morgan W. Mitchell,Matthew Markham,Daniel J. Twitchen,David Elkouss,Stephanie Wehner,Tim H. Taminiau,Ronald Hanson +21 more
TL;DR: The data imply statistically significant rejection of the local-realist null hypothesis and could be used for testing less-conventional theories, and for implementing device-independent quantum-secure communication and randomness certification.
Journal ArticleDOI
Probability and Random Processes
TL;DR: This handbook is a very useful handbook for engineers, especially those working in signal processing, and provides real data bootstrap applications to illustrate the theory covered in the earlier chapters.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism.
Lynden K. Shalm,Evan Meyer-Scott,Bradley G. Christensen,Peter Bierhorst,Michael A. Wayne,Michael A. Wayne,Martin J. Stevens,Thomas Gerrits,Scott Glancy,Deny R. Hamel,Michael S. Allman,Kevin J. Coakley,Shellee D. Dyer,Carson Hodge,Adriana E. Lita,Varun B. Verma,Camilla Lambrocco,Edward Tortorici,Alan L. Migdall,Yanbao Zhang,Daniel Kumor,William H. Farr,Francesco Marsili,Matthew D. Shaw,Jeffrey A. Stern,Carlos Abellan,Waldimar Amaya,Valerio Pruneri,Thomas Jennewein,Morgan W. Mitchell,Paul G. Kwiat,Joshua C. Bienfang,Richard P. Mirin,Emanuel Knill,Sae Woo Nam +34 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a loophole-free violation of local realism using entangled photon pairs, ensuring that all relevant events in their Bell test are spacelike separated by placing the parties far enough apart and by using fast random number generators and high-speed polarization measurements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Secure quantum key distribution
TL;DR: An overview is given of the state-of-the-art research into secure communication based on quantum cryptography, together with its assumptions, strengths and weaknesses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Advances in quantum cryptography
Stefano Pirandola,Ulrik L. Andersen,Leonardo Banchi,Mario Berta,Darius Bunandar,Roger Colbeck,Dirk Englund,Tobias Gehring,Cosmo Lupo,Carlo Ottaviani,Jason Pereira,Mohsen Razavi,Jesni Shamsul Shaari,Marco Tomamichel,Vladyslav C. Usenko,Giuseppe Vallone,Paolo Villoresi,Petros Wallden +17 more
TL;DR: This review begins by reviewing protocols of quantum key distribution based on discrete variable systems, and considers aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and high rate protocols based on continuous variable systems.
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