Journal ArticleDOI
Recycling rechargeable lithium ion batteries: Critical analysis of natural resource savings
Jo Dewulf,Geert Van der Vorst,Kim Denturck,Herman Van Langenhove,Wouter Ghyoot,Jan Tytgat,Kurt Vandeputte +6 more
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TLDR
In this article, a detailed analysis of a lithium mixed metal oxide battery recycling scenario, where cobalt and nickel are recovered and re-introduced into the battery production chain, is compared with a virgin production scenario.Abstract:
Rechargeable Li-ion battery applications in consumer products are fastly growing, resulting in increasing resources demand: it is for example estimated that battery applications account for nearly 25% of the worldwide cobalt demand in 2007. It is obvious that recycling of batteries may help saving natural resources. However, it is not straightforward to quantify to what extent rechargeable battery recycling saves natural resources, given their complex composition, and the complex international production chain. In this paper, a detailed analysis of a lithium mixed metal oxide battery recycling scenario, where cobalt and nickel are recovered and re-introduced into the battery production chain, is compared with a virgin production scenario. Based on detailed data acquisition from processes spread worldwide, a resource saving analysis is made. The savings are quantified in terms of exergy and cumulative exergy extracted from the natural environment. It turns out that the recycling scenario result in a 51.3% natural resource savings, not only because of decreased mineral ore dependency but also because of reduced fossil resource (45.3% reduction) and nuclear energy demand (57.2%).read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage
TL;DR: The notion of sustainability is introduced through discussion of the energy and environmental costs of state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries, considering elemental abundance, toxicity, synthetic methods and scalability.
Journal ArticleDOI
The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review of the state of the art and future perspectives of Li-ion batteries with emphasis on this potential is presented, with a focus on electric vehicles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recovery and recycling of lithium: A review
TL;DR: In this paper, the demand for lithium as LIB for the plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle in the recent future is huge and estimated to reach $221 billion by 2024.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sustainability and in situ monitoring in battery development
TL;DR: This Review will describe key advances in both more sustainable chemistries and operando techniques, along with some of the remaining challenges and possible solutions, as the authors personally perceive them.
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Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors track the metal content associated with compounds used in lithium-ion battery (LIB) and find that most of the key constituents, including manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, have sufficient supply to meet the anticipated increase in demand for LIBs.
References
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Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes
TL;DR: In this paper, the exergetic efficiency of thermal, chemical, and metallurgical processes is analyzed and the application of the exergy concept to the problem of the economical optimization of complex plants and the implications to the environment of pollution due to external exergy losses.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries
TL;DR: In this article, the current status of the recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion secondary batteries is reviewed, and the problems and prospect of their studies of their recycling technologies have been put forward.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment (CEENE): a comprehensive Life Cycle Impact Assessment method for resource accounting
Jeroen Dewulf,M E Bösch,B. De Meester,G. Van der Vorst,H. Van Langenhove,Stefanie Hellweg,Mark A. J. Huijbregts +6 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive resource-based life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method which is scientifically sound and that enables to assess all kinds of resources that are deprived from the natural ecosystem, all quantified on one single scale, free of weighting factors is established.
Journal ArticleDOI
Exergy: Its Potential and Limitations in Environmental Science and Technology
Jo Dewulf,Herman Van Langenhove,Bart Muys,Stijn Bruers,Bhavik R. Bakshi,Geoffrey F. Grubb,David M. Paulus,Enrico Sciubba +7 more
TL;DR: It proves that exergy as a tool in environmental impact analysis may be the most mature field of application, particularly with respect to resource and efficiency accounting, one of the major challenges in the development of sustainable technology.
Journal ArticleDOI
State-of-the-art of battery state-of-charge determination
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview on battery technology and the state-of-the-art of SoC methods, including those of direct measurements, book-keeping and adaptive systems.