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SI traceability: Current status and future trends for forces below 10 microNewtons

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TLDR
In this paper, a round table of researchers from National Metrology Institutes representing the US, Europe, and Asia to provide an overview of the emerging field of low-force metrology is described.
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Uncertainty quantification in nanomechanical measurements using the atomic force microscope.

TL;DR: This work presents a framework to ascribe uncertainty to local nanomechanical properties of any nanoparticle or surface measured with the AFM by taking into account the main uncertainty sources inherent in such measurements, and demonstrates the great need for quantifying and minimizing uncertainty in AFM-based material property measurements.
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Report on the first international comparison of small force facilities: a pilot study at the micronewton level.

TL;DR: Results imply that it should be possible to determine cantilever stiffness using force balance techniques with an accuracy of better than 1% if necessary, but that improvements in the ability to orient the transfer artefacts, to characterize the non-linearity of their output, and to compensate for the stiffness of the associated fixtures and load frames are required if the resolution of future comparisons is to improve.
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Quantifying growth mechanics of living, growing plant cells in situ using microbotics

TL;DR: A microrobotic system capable of performing automated mechanical characterisation of living plant cells in situ as these cells proliferate and grow and a difference in stiffness from the tip to the apex is obtained demonstrating that the developed measurement system is a promising tool for better understanding the mechanics of plant cell growth.
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A force measurement system based on an electrostatic sensing and actuating technique for calibrating force in a micronewton range with a resolution of nanonewton scale

TL;DR: In this paper, a force measurement system was introduced at the Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute for calibrating forces in a micronewton range with a resolution of a few nanonewtons.
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Accurate measurement of force and displacement with optical tweezers using DNA molecules as metrology standards

TL;DR: The accuracy of determining force-extension measurements on two DNA molecules of different lengths can be improved by more than 7-fold by incorporating measurements of the DNA overstretching transition and using a multi-step data analysis procedure.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a Berkovich indenter to determine hardness and elastic modulus from indentation load-displacement data, and showed that the curve of the curve is not linear, even in the initial stages of the unloading process.
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Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene

TL;DR: Graphene is established as the strongest material ever measured, and atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.
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Atomic force microscope

TL;DR: The atomic force microscope as mentioned in this paper is a combination of the principles of the scanning tunneling microscope and the stylus profilometer, which was proposed as a method to measure forces as small as 10-18 N. As one application for this concept, they introduce a new type of microscope capable of investigating surfaces of insulators on an atomic scale.
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Reversible Unfolding of Individual Titin Immunoglobulin Domains by AFM

TL;DR: Single-molecule atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the mechanical properties of titin, the giant sarcomeric protein of striated muscle, and refolding of immunoglobulin domains was observed.
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Overstretching B-DNA: The Elastic Response of Individual Double-Stranded and Single-Stranded DNA Molecules

TL;DR: DsDNA molecules in aqueous buffer undergo a highly cooperative transition into a stable form with 5.8 angstroms rise per base pair, that is, 70% longer than B-form dsDNA, which may play a significant role in the energetics of DNA recombination.
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