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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Signal Transduction by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors

TLDR
This review outlines the current information on VEGF signal transduction in relation to blood and lymphatic vessel biology and develops treatments to halt blood vessel formation, angiogenesis in diseases that involve tissue growth and inflammation, such as cancer.
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are master regulators of vascular development and of blood and lymphatic vessel function during health and disease in the adult. It is therefore important to understand the mechanism of action of this family of five mammalian ligands, which act through three receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In addition, coreceptors like neuropilins (NRPs) and integrins associate with the ligand/receptor signaling complex and modulate the output. Therapeutics to block several of the VEGF signaling components have been developed with the aim to halt blood vessel formation, angiogenesis, in diseases that involve tissue growth and inflammation, such as cancer. In this review, we outline the current information on VEGF signal transduction in relation to blood and lymphatic vessel biology.

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VEGF targets the tumour cell

TL;DR: The function of vascular endothelial growth factor in cancer is not limited to angiogenesis and vascular permeability, and the neuropilins are crucial for mediating the effects of VEGF on tumour cells, primarily because of their ability to regulate the function and the trafficking of growth factor receptors and integrins.
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The lymphatic vasculature in disease

TL;DR: This review highlights the most recent developments in lymphatic biology and how the lymphatic system contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases involving immune and inflammatory responses and its role in disseminating tumor cells.
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Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer

TL;DR: This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.
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Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

TL;DR: Data from in vitro studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, and the secretion of ECM, providing a strong rationale for the clinical efficacy of nintinganib in patients with IPF.
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The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.

TL;DR: A variety of current approaches for enhancing the delivery of oligonucleotides including molecular scale targeted ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, antibody conjugate and small molecules that improve oligon nucleotide delivery are examined.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

TL;DR: Understanding of the complex signaling networks downstream from RTKs and how alterations in these networks are translated into cellular responses provides an important context for therapeutically countering the effects of pathogenic RTK mutations in cancer and other diseases.
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The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway.

TL;DR: The PI3K pathway is implicated in human diseases including diabetes and cancer, and understanding the intricacies of this pathway may provide new avenues for therapuetic intervention.
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Cellular survival: a play in three Akts

TL;DR: The mechanisms by which survival factors regulate the PI3K/c-Akt cascade, the evidence that activation of the PI 3K/ c-AKT pathway promotes cell survival, and the current spectrum of c- akt targets and their roles in mediating c- Akt-dependent cell survival are reviewed.
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Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele

TL;DR: It is reported that formation of blood vessels was abnormal, but not abolished, in heterozygous VEGF-deficient (VEGF+/-) embryos, generated by aggregation of embryonic stem (ES) cells with tetraploid embryos (T-ES)16,17, and even more impaired in homozygous D1-VEGF- deficient (VDGF-/-) T-ES embryos, resulting in death at mid-gestation.
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Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice.

TL;DR: The generation of mice deficient in Flk-1 by disruption of the gene using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells is reported, indicating that FlK-1 is essential for yolk-sac blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in the mouse embryo.
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