The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology.
Devrim Coskun,Rupesh Deshmukh,Humira Sonah,James G. Menzies,Olivia Reynolds,Jian Feng Ma,Herbert J. Kronzucker,R. R. Bélanger +7 more
TLDR
It is argued that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role, and proposes a working model, which is proposed, the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield.Abstract:
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.read more
Citations
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Abiotic Stresses: General Defenses of Land Plants and Chances for Engineering Multistress Tolerance.
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Role of Silicon in Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stresses in Crop Plants.
Javaid Akhter Bhat,S. M. Shivaraj,Pritam Singh,Devanna B. Navadagi,Durgesh Kumar Tripathi,Prasanta K. Dash,Amolkumar U. Solanke,Humira Sonah,Rupesh Deshmukh +8 more
TL;DR: The potential role and mechanisms involved in the Si-mediated alleviation of metal toxicity as well as different approaches for enhancing Si-derived benefits in crop plants are discussed.
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Significance of silicon uptake, transport, and deposition in plants
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TL;DR: A thorough review of reports describing how plants benefit from silicon supplementation was performed to provide comprehensive and clear insights and to elucidate the versatile role of silicon in plants.
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References
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Klaus Apel,Heribert Hirt +1 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms of ROS generation and removal in plants during development and under biotic and abiotic stress conditions are described and the possible functions and mechanisms for ROS sensing and signaling in plants are compared with those in animals and yeast.
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Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants
TL;DR: The biochemistry of ROS and their production sites, and ROS scavenging antioxidant defense machinery are described, which protects plants against oxidative stress damages.
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Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control
Björn Schwanhäusser,Dorothea Busse,Na Li,Gunnar Dittmar,Johannes Schuchhardt,Jana Wolf,Wei Chen,Matthias Selbach +7 more
TL;DR: Using a quantitative model, the first genome-scale prediction of synthesis rates of mRNAs and proteins is obtained and it is found that the cellular abundance of proteins is predominantly controlled at the level of translation.
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Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980
TL;DR: It was found that in the cropping regions and growing seasons of most countries, with the important exception of the United States, temperature trends from 1980 to 2008 exceeded one standard deviation of historic year-to-year variability.