Journal ArticleDOI
The enigma of yellow fever in East Africa.
Brett R. Ellis,Alan D.T. Barrett +1 more
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TLDR
This review describes historical findings, highlights a number of disease indicators, and provides clarification regarding the natural history, recent emergence and future risk of YF in East Africa.Abstract:
Despite a safe and effective vaccine there are approximately 200000 cases including 30000 deaths due to yellow fever virus (YFV) each year of which 90% are in Africa The natural history of YFV has been well described especially in West Africa but in East Africa yellow fever (YF) remains characterised by unpredictable focal periodicity and a precarious potential for large epidemics Recent outbreaks of YF in Kenya (1992-1993) and Sudan (2003 and 2005) are important because each of these outbreaks have involved the re-emergence of a YFV genotype (East Africa) that remained undetected for nearly 40 years and was previously unconfirmed in a clinically apparent outbreak In addition unlike West Africa and South America YF has yet to emerge in urban areas of East Africa and be vectored by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti This is a significant public health concern in a region where the majority of the population remains unvaccinated This review describes historical findings highlights a number of disease indicators and provides clarification regarding the natural history recent emergence and future risk of YF in East Africaread more
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Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites
Sven Klimpel,Heinz Mehlhorn +1 more
TL;DR: Bats are unique flying mammalians that occur worldwide feeding either on insects, fruits or even on blood depending on the species.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Basic Cluster in the N Terminus of Yellow Fever Virus NS2A Contributes to Infectious Particle Production
TL;DR: A basic cluster of amino acids in the N terminus of YFV NS2A which inhibited virion assembly upon mutation is identified and identified to be critical in this process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations
Abrham Lilay,Negga Asamene,Abyot Bekele,Mesfin Mengesha,Milliyon Wendabeku,Israel Tareke,Abiy Girmay,Yonas Wuletaw,Abate Adossa,Yamar Ba,Amadou A. Sall,Daddi Jima,Debritu Mengesha +12 more
TL;DR: The investigation revealed that YF outbreak was reemerged after 50 years in Ethiopia and vaccination should be given for the affected and neighboring districts and case based surveillance should be initiated to detect every case.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolutionary and ecological factors underlying the tempo and distribution of yellow fever virus activity
TL;DR: In this review, evolutionary and ecological factors underlying YFV emergence, maintenance and spread, geographic distribution and patterns of epizootic/epidemic activity are considered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulation of flavivirus RNA synthesis and capping.
Bejan Saeedi,Brian J. Geiss +1 more
TL;DR: This work has begun to provide a conceptual framework for flavivirus RNA replication and capping and shown some surprising roles for genomic RNA during replication and pathogenesis.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential.
TL;DR: The observation that a single amino acid substitution can influence vector specificity provides a plausible explanation of how this mutant virus caused an epidemic in a region lacking the typical vector, and has important implications with respect to how viruses may establish a transmission cycle when introduced into a new area.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome Microevolution of Chikungunya Viruses Causing the Indian Ocean Outbreak
Isabelle Schuffenecker,Isabelle Iteman,Alain Michault,Séverine Murri,Lionel Frangeul,Marie-Christine Vaney,Marie-Christine Vaney,Rachel Lavenir,Nathalie Pardigon,Jean-Marc Reynes,François Pettinelli,Leon Biscornet,Laure Diancourt,Stéphanie Michel,Stéphane Duquerroy,Stéphane Duquerroy,Stéphane Duquerroy,Ghislaine Guigon,Marie-Pascale Frenkiel,Anne-Claire Brehin,Nadège Cubito,Philippe Desprès,Frank Kunst,Félix A. Rey,Félix A. Rey,Hervé Zeller,Sylvain Brisse +26 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that the chikungunya virus outbreak was initiated by a strain related to East-African isolates, from which viral variants have evolved following a traceable microevolution history and may be due to adaptation to the mosquito vector.
Journal ArticleDOI
The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: full circle?
TL;DR: The factors responsible for this resurgence of yellow fever in Africa, and of dengue worldwide, are discussed, as are current options for prevention and control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Yellow Fever: A Disease that Has Yet to be Conquered
Alan D.T. Barrett,Stephen Higgs +1 more
TL;DR: Molecular epidemiologic data suggest there are seven genotypes of YFV that are geographically separated, and outbreaks of disease are more associated with particular genotypes, which present serious potential public health problems to large population centers.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997-98
Christopher W. Woods,Adam Karpati,Thomas Grein,Noel D. McCarthy,Peter Gaturuku,Eric M. Muchiri,Lee Dunster,Alden K. Henderson,Ali S. Khan,Robert Swanepoel,Isabelle Bonmarin,Louise Martin,Philip Mann,Bonnie L. Smoak,Michael J. Ryan,Thomas G. Ksiazek,Ray R. Arthur,Andre Ndikuyeze,Naphtali N. Agata,Clarence J. Peters +19 more
TL;DR: Direct contact with animals, particularly contact with sheep body fluids, was the most important modifiable risk factor for RVFV infection and public education during epizootics may reduce human illness and deaths associated with future outbreaks.