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The enigma of yellow fever in East Africa.
Brett R. Ellis,Alan D.T. Barrett +1 more
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TLDR
This review describes historical findings, highlights a number of disease indicators, and provides clarification regarding the natural history, recent emergence and future risk of YF in East Africa.Abstract:
Despite a safe and effective vaccine there are approximately 200000 cases including 30000 deaths due to yellow fever virus (YFV) each year of which 90% are in Africa The natural history of YFV has been well described especially in West Africa but in East Africa yellow fever (YF) remains characterised by unpredictable focal periodicity and a precarious potential for large epidemics Recent outbreaks of YF in Kenya (1992-1993) and Sudan (2003 and 2005) are important because each of these outbreaks have involved the re-emergence of a YFV genotype (East Africa) that remained undetected for nearly 40 years and was previously unconfirmed in a clinically apparent outbreak In addition unlike West Africa and South America YF has yet to emerge in urban areas of East Africa and be vectored by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti This is a significant public health concern in a region where the majority of the population remains unvaccinated This review describes historical findings highlights a number of disease indicators and provides clarification regarding the natural history recent emergence and future risk of YF in East Africaread more
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Mosquito-borne Diseases
TL;DR: Efforts to limit the effect of mosquito-borne diseases in endemic areas face the twin challenges of controlling mosquito populations and delivering effective public health interventions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug
Eloise Mastrangelo,Margherita Pezzullo,Tine De Burghgraeve,Suzanne J.F. Kaptein,Boris Pastorino,Kai Dallmeier,Xavier de Lamballerie,Johan Neyts,Alicia M. Hanson,David N. Frick,Martino Bolognesi,Mario Milani +11 more
TL;DR: Ivermectin, a broadly used anti-helminthic drug, proved to be a highly potent inhibitor of YFV replication and inhibited, although less efficiently, the replication of several other flaviviruses, i.e. dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalopathy viruses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structure and functionality in flavivirus NS-proteins: Perspectives for drug design
Michela Bollati,Karin Alvarez,Rene Assenberg,Cécile Baronti,Bruno Canard,Shelley Cook,Bruno Coutard,Etienne Decroly,Xavier de Lamballerie,Ernest A. Gould,Gilda Grard,Jonathan M. Grimes,Rolf Hilgenfeld,Anna M. Jansson,Hélène Malet,Erika J. Mancini,Eloise Mastrangelo,Andrea Mattevi,Mario Milani,Gregory Moureau,Johan Neyts,Raymond J. Owens,Jingshan Ren,Barbara Selisko,Silvia Speroni,Holger Steuber,David I. Stuart,Torsten Unge,Martino Bolognesi +28 more
TL;DR: Structural and functional aspects emerging from the characterization of two main components (NS3 and NS5 proteins) of the flavivirus replication complex are reviewed to shed light on the design and development of antiviral drug leads.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015–16: a modelling study
Moritz U. G. Kraemer,Nuno R. Faria,Robert Reiner,Nick Golding,Nick Golding,Birgit Nikolay,Birgit Nikolay,Stephanie Stasse,Michael A. Johansson,Michael A. Johansson,Henrik Salje,Henrik Salje,Henrik Salje,Ousmane Faye,G. R. William Wint,Matthias Niedrig,Freya M Shearer,Sarah C. Hill,Robin N Thompson,Donal Bisanzio,Nuno Taveira,Nuno Taveira,Heinrich H. Nax,Bary S. R. Pradelski,Elaine O. Nsoesie,Nicholas R Murphy,Isaac I. Bogoch,Kamran Khan,John S. Brownstein,Andrew J. Tatem,Tulio de Oliveira,David L. Smith,David L. Smith,Amadou A. Sall,Oliver G. Pybus,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Simon Cauchemez,Simon Cauchemez +38 more
TL;DR: The findings show the contributions of ecological and demographic factors to the ongoing spread of the yellow fever outbreak and provide estimates of the areas that could be prioritised for vaccination, although other constraints such as vaccine supply and delivery need to be accounted for before such insights can be translated into policy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fever versus Fever: the role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus
Kathryn A. Hanley,Thomas P. Monath,Scott C. Weaver,Shannan L. Rossi,Rebecca Richman,Nikos Vasilakis +5 more
TL;DR: This review summarizes current understanding of sylvatic transmission cycles of YFV and DENV, considers possible explanations for their disjunct distributions, and speculates on the potential consequences of future establishment of a sylvatics cycle of DENV in the Americas.
References
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Antibodies to haemorrhagic fever viruses and to selected arboviruses in monkeys from the Central African Republic
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