The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus and Schizophrenia
Fabio Ferrarelli,Giulio Tononi +1 more
TLDR
It is suggested that this thalamic GABAergic nucleus may be involved in the neurobiology of schizophrenia, and deficits in attention and sensory gating have been consistently found in schizophrenics, including first-break and chronic patients.Abstract:
Background: The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a shell-shaped gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic nucleus, which is uniquely placed between the thalamus and the cortex, because it receives excitatory afferents from both cortical and thalamic neurons and sends inhibitory projections to all nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. Method: A review of the evidence suggesting that the TRN is implicated in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Results: TRN-thalamus circuits are implicated in bottom-up as well as top-down processing. TRN projections to nonspecific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus mediate top-down processes, including attentional modulation, which are initiated by cortical afferents to the TRN. TRN-thalamus circuits are also involved in bottom-up activities, including sensory gating and the transfer to the cortex of sleep spindles. Intriguingly, deficits in attention and sensory gating have been consistently found in schizophrenics, including first-break and chronic patients. Furthermore, high-density electroencephalographic studies have revealed a marked reduction in sleep spindles in schizophrenics. Conclusion: On the basis of our current knowledge on the molecular and anatomo-functional properties of the TRN, we suggest that this thalamic GABAergic nucleus may be involved in the neurobiology of schizophrenia.read more
Citations
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Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals transient states of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia
Eswar Damaraju,Elena A. Allen,Elena A. Allen,Aysenil Belger,Judith M. Ford,Judith M. Ford,Sarah McEwen,Daniel H. Mathalon,Daniel H. Mathalon,Bryon A. Mueller,Godfrey D. Pearlson,Steven G. Potkin,Adrian Preda,Jessica A. Turner,Jatin G. Vaidya,T.G.M. van Erp,Vince D. Calhoun,Vince D. Calhoun +17 more
TL;DR: The results support and expand current knowledge regarding dysconnectivity in schizophrenia, and strongly advocate the use of dynamic analyses to better account for and understand functional connectivity differences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brain rhythms and neural syntax: implications for efficient coding of cognitive content and neuropsychiatric disease.
György Buzsáki,Brendon O. Watson +1 more
TL;DR: Findings from animal studies showing that most forms of brain rhythms are inhibition-based are reviewed, producing rhythmic volleys of inhibitory inputs to principal cell populations, thereby providing alternating temporal windows of relatively reduced and enhanced excitability in neuronal networks.
Journal ArticleDOI
The dysconnection hypothesis (2016)
TL;DR: This article considers how the notion of schizophrenia as a dysconnection syndrome has developed – and how it has been enriched by recent advances in clinical neuroscience.
Journal ArticleDOI
Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource.
Shaun Purcell,Dara S. Manoach,Charmaine Demanuele,Brian E. Cade,Sara Mariani,Sara Mariani,Roy Cox,Roy Cox,Georgia Panagiotaropoulou,Richa Saxena,J. Q. Pan,Jordan W. Smoller,Susan Redline,Susan Redline,Robert Stickgold,Robert Stickgold +15 more
TL;DR: This work characterize spindles in 11,630 individuals aged 4 to 97 years, as a prelude to future genetic studies and identifies previously unappreciated correlates of spindle activity, including confounding by body mass index mediated by cardiac interference in the EEG.
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Excitation, inhibition, local oscillations, or large-scale loops: what causes the symptoms of schizophrenia?
TL;DR: There are several major hypotheses regarding the circuitry involved: a change in the balance of excitation/inhibition in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); second, abnormal EEG oscillations in the gamma range; third, an increase in theta/delta EEG power related to changes in the thalamus; fourth, hyperactivity in the hippocampus and consequent dopamine hyperfunction; and fifth, deficits in corollary discharge.
References
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Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis
TL;DR: It is suggested that in the brain the internal attentional searchlight, proposed by Treisman and others, is controlled by the reticular complex of the thalamus (including the closely related perigeniculate nucleus) and that the expression of the searchlight is the production of rapid bursts of firing in a subset of thalamic neurons.
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Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of speculative hypotheses concerning the functions of the thalamus and, in particular, the nucleus reticularis and the related perigeniculate nucleus.
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TL;DR: Among the many calcium-binding proteins in the nervous system, parvalbumin, calbindin-D28K and calretinin are particularly striking in their abundance and in the specificity of their distribution.
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SLEEP AND AROUSAL: Thalamocortical Mechanisms
David A. McCormick,Thierry Bal +1 more
TL;DR: The release of several different neurotransmitters from the brain stem, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex results in a depolarization of thalamocortical and thalamic reticular neurons and an enhanced excitability in many cortical pyramidal cells, thereby suppressing the generation of sleep rhythms and promoting a state that is conducive to sensory processing and cognition.
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