Journal ArticleDOI
The use of biomarkers in biomonitoring: a 2-tier approach assessing the level of pollutant-induced stress syndrome in sentinel organisms.
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TLDR
A selection of biomarkers of stress, genotoxicity and exposure usually employed in biomonitoring programmes is presented, together with a brief overview of new biomolecular approaches.Abstract:
The paper outlines a 2-tier approach for wide-scale biomonitoring programmes. To obtain a high level of standardization, we suggest the use of caged organisms (mussels or fish). An "early warning", highly sensitive, low-cost biomarker is employed in tier 1 (i.e. lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) and survival rate, a marker for highly polluted sites). Tier 2 is used only for animals sampled at sites in which LMS changes are evident and there is no mortality, with a complete battery of biomarkers assessing the levels of pollutant-induced stress syndrome. Possible approaches for integrating biomarker data in a synthetic index are discussed, along with our proposal to use a recently developed Expert System. The latter system allows a correct selection of biomarkers at different levels of biological organisation (molecular/cellular/tissue/organism) taking into account trends in pollutant-induced biomarker changes (increasing, decreasing, bell-shape). A selection of biomarkers of stress, genotoxicity and exposure usually employed in biomonitoring programmes is presented, together with a brief overview of new biomolecular approaches.read more
Citations
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Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an experimental exposure
TL;DR: Proof of principle is provided that microplastics are taken up into cells and cause significant effects on the tissue and cellular level, which can be assessed with standard cytochemical biomarkers and polarized light microscopy for microplastic tracking in tissue.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oxidative pathways of chemical toxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in marine organisms
TL;DR: Caution should be taken in monitoring studies where mRNA levels of antioxidants could represent a snapshot of cell activity at a given time, not an effective endpoint of environmental pollutants, and conflicting results between molecular and biochemical responses are quite frequent.
Journal ArticleDOI
A novel "Integrated Biomarker Response" calculation based on reference deviation concept.
TL;DR: A novel index named “Integrated Biological Responses version 2” based on the reference deviation concept is presented, which allows a clear discrimination of sampling sites as for the IBR, but several differences are observed for contaminated sites according to up- and downregulation of biomarker responses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Micronucleus assay in aquatic animals
Claudia Bolognesi,Makoto Hayashi +1 more
TL;DR: Micronucleus (MN) test as an index of accumulated genetic damage during the lifespan of the cells is one of the most suitable techniques to identify integrated response to the complex mixture of contaminants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms
TL;DR: Evidence is provided of the relationship between chemical composition and toxicity of plastic/rubber leachates, which ranged from slightly to highly toxic to mussels and algae, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the overall impact of plastic-associated chemicals on aquatic ecosystems.
References
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The Carbon Monoxide-binding Pigment of Liver Microsomes I. EVIDENCE FOR ITS HEMOPROTEIN NATURE
Tsuneo Omura,Ryo Sato +1 more
TL;DR: The present paper gives a detailed account of the investigations on rabbit liver microsomes and crude microsomal digests, which have led to postulate the hemoprotein nature of the pigment.
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Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray.
TL;DR: A high-capacity system was developed to monitor the expression of many genes in parallel by means of simultaneous, two-color fluorescence hybridization, which enabled detection of rare transcripts in probe mixtures derived from 2 micrograms of total cellular messenger RNA.
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Exploring the Metabolic and Genetic Control of Gene Expression on a Genomic Scale
TL;DR: DNA microarrays containing virtually every gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the temporal program of gene expression accompanying the metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration, and the expression patterns of many previously uncharacterized genes provided clues to their possible functions.
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Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review
TL;DR: There is little doubt that measurements of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in fish from contaminated sites offer great promises for providing information that can contribute to environmental monitoring programs designed for various aspects of ERA.
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Quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR): trends and problems.
TL;DR: A snapshot of the state-of-the-art in real-time RT-PCR is provided and some of the problems associated with interpreting results that are numerical and lend themselves to statistical analysis, yet whose accuracy is significantly affected by reagent and operator variability are described.