Showing papers on "Cyanide published in 1979"
TL;DR: Analytical recovery of thiocyanate added to serum and urine was quantitative; the coefficient of variation was 2.3% for both within-day and between-day precision.
Abstract: We describe a method for rapid and specific measurement of thiocyanate in serum or urine. We separate thiocyanate from interfering compounds by adsorbing it on an anion-exchange resin that has special affinity for thiocyanate, then eluting with sodium perchlorate. The eluted thiocyanate is quantified by a modified Konig reaction, sodium hypochlorite being used as the chlorinating reagent. Analytical recovery of thiocyanate added to serum and urine was quantitative; the coefficient of variation was 2.3% for both within-day and between-day precision. Cyanide and certain antibiotics interfere, but may be eliminated by including additional washing steps in the usual procedure. The proposed procedure was compared with another method, based on the oxidation of thiocyanate to cyanide. Agreement was satisfactory, both for serum and urine.
102 citations
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84 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that carbon monoxide and cyanide are physiologically additive on producing changes in cerebral blood flow, but may act synergistically on cerebral metabolism.
Abstract: Significant elevations of carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide have been found in fire victims. The nature of the interaction of acute exposures to these agents is unclear. This study was undertaken to describe the of cyanide and carbon monoxide--alone and in combination--on the circulation and metabolism of the brain in anesthetized dogs. Cerebral blood flow increased to 130 and 200% of control with elevations in carboxyhemoglobin to 30 and 51% or with elevations in blood cyanide to 1.0 and 1.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Cerebral oxygen consumption remained unchanged until the higher level of carbon monoxide or cyanide was reached. When carbon monoxide and cyanide were administered simultaneously, cerebral blood flow increased in an additive manner, but significant decreases in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred at the combination of the lower concentrations. These data suggest that carbon monoxide and cyanide are physiologically additive on producing changes in cerebral blood flow, but may act synergistically on cerebral metabolism.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, ayanide condenses with aldoses at 25° in aqueous solution between pH 7.0 and 9.0 to produce aldononitriles in high yield.
71 citations
TL;DR: Both cyanide and thiocyanate caused decreased thyroid gland activity in young rats, particularly in the restricted groups, and it could not be determined whether these changes resulted from histotoxic anoxia or an alteration of oligodendroglial myelin metabolism.
Abstract: Male weanling rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 10% casein; this diet restricted in methionine, vitamin B12, and iodine; or the complete and restricted diets supplemented with either 1500 ppm potassium cyanide or 2240 ppm potassium thiocyanate for 11.5 mo. There were no deaths or clinical signs of toxicity. Cyanide, but not thiocyanate, caused a consistent reduction in weight gain in the complete and restricted groups. Both cyanide and thiocyanate caused decreased thyroid gland activity in young rats, particularly in the restricted groups. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were maintained in the mature cyanide‐treated rats, even though secretion rates were decreased. However, the mature thiocyanate‐treated animals showed decreased plasma thyroxine concentrations, despite thyroid gland enlargement. Modest primary myelin degeneration in the spinal cord white matter was found in the restricted group and in rats receiving this diet supplemented with either cyanide or thiocyanate. The lesions did not ...
69 citations
TL;DR: The cyanide resistant reactivity as well as further X-ray photoelectron spectrometric measurements supported the suggestion of a Cu(I) stabilized sulphur radical being the active species involved in the catalysis of superoxide dismutation.
59 citations
TL;DR: The finding that there was no difference in mechanical tension-oxygen uptake plots with CN and with hypoxia during K+ contractions, and with CN in norepinephrinecontractions, suggests that effects of CN on tension may result from inhibition of the respiratory chain, and strengthens the conclusion that hypoxic relaxations during norpinephrine contractions may be initiated by a mechanism independent of respiratory chain activity.
Abstract: We determined relationships between oxygen uptake and mechanical tension in isolated strips of rabbit aorta treated with various agonists; organ bath Po2 was varied over the range 4-350 mm Hg, or cyanide (CN) was added to the organ bath in concentrations of from 6 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−3 M Oxygen tension-dependent mechanical tension changes were similar during contractions caused by norepinephrine and angiotensin. During norepinephrine contractions, relaxations resulting from CN were much smaller than those resulting from decreases in organ bath Po2 at equivalent rates of oxygen uptake. This effect could not be explained by nonspecific CN effects, which caused relaxation of mechanical tension. The threshold fall in oxygen uptake rate (vo2) for a fall in mechanical tension was larger with graded CN than with graded hypoxia-Under conditions in which measurable oxygen uptakes by the strips were completely inhibited with CN or maximally inhibited with antimycin A, and tissue Po2 was expected to be equilibrated or nearly equilibrated with organ bath Po2, mechanical tension changes were seen with changes in Po2 over the range 4-80 mm Hg. These data are consistent with a postulate that an O2 sensor other than cytochrome a1a2 is involved in the mechanism of oxygen tension-dependent mechanical tension, although inhibition of the respiratory chain may explain some oxygen tension-dependent mechanical tension. During K+ contractions, hypoxic decreases in mechanical tension were much smaller than those seen during norepinephrine or angiotensin contractions. This finding does not give information about the oxygen sensor involved, but the K+ contraction preparation is useful in control experiments. The finding that there was no difference in mechanical tension-oxygen uptake plots with CN and with hypoxia during K+ contractions, and with CN in norepinephrine contractions, suggests that effects of CN on tension may result from inhibition of the respiratory chain, and strengthens the conclusion that hypoxic relaxations during norepinephrine contractions may be initiated by a mechanism independent of respiratory chain activity. Cire Res 44: 368-378, 1979
58 citations
TL;DR: The magnetic properties of the haem groups of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase and its cyanide-bound derivatives were studied in both the oxidized and reduced states by means of m.c.r.d. (magnetic circular dichroism) at low temperatures.
Abstract: The magnetic properties of the haem groups of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase and its cyanide-bound derivatives were studied in both the oxidized and reduced states by means of m.c.d. (magnetic circular dichroism) at low temperatures. In addition, the oxidized forms of the enzyme were also investigated by e.p.r. (electron-paramagnetic-resonance) spectroscopy, and a parallel study, using both e.p.r. and m.c.d., was made on Pseudomonas cytochrome c-551 to aid spectral assignments. For ascorbate-reduced Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase, the temperature-independence of those features in the m.c.d. spectrum corresponding to the haem c, and the temperature-dependence of those signals corresponding to the haem d1, showed the former to be low-spin and the latter to be high-spin (s = 2). However, addition of cyanide to the reduced enzyme gave a form of the protein that was completely low-spin. The e.p.r. and m.c.d. sectra of oxidized Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase and its cyanide derivative were consistent with the haem c and d1 components being low-spin in both cases. Pseudomonas cytochrome c-551 was found to be low-spin in both its oxidized and reduced redox states.
58 citations
58 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the administration of sodium pyruvate alone does provide minimal, but statistically significant, protection against the lethal effects of cyanide.
TL;DR: It is shown that when grown aerobically in the presence of cyanide, P. denitrificans incorporates an additional redox carrier, namely cytochrome d, into the cytoplasmic membrane, and provides an alternative route of electron transport.
TL;DR: A comparison of these ratios to similar ratios for CO, O2, and NO binding suggests that the Fe-CN bond angle is less subject to distortion than theFe-CO bond and/or additional binding interactions contribute to N3- but not to CN-binding to the protein.
01 Jun 1979-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental rate of gold cyanide on activated carbon was determined as a function of temperature, free cyanide concentration and charcoal concentration using a diffusion controlled model developed by Crank.
Abstract: Adsorption rates of gold cyanide on activated carbon were determined as a function of temperature, free cyanide concentration and charcoal concentration. The experimental rate data is explained by use of a diffusion controlled model developed by Crank. The adsorption rates were determined to be controlled by pore diffusion with the effective diffusion coefficient having an activation energy of 3.3 kcal/mol. Good agreement between experimental rate data and predicted rate curves by the diffusion model was obtained.
TL;DR: This paper reports results from a study where acute toxicities of a variety of pollutants to five species of fish were tested using a uniform methodology and comparable temperature ranges so general patterns of response might be seen.
Abstract: This paper reports results from a study where acute toxicities of a variety of pollutants to five species of fish were tested using a uniform methodology and comparable temperature ranges so general patterns of response might be seen.
TL;DR: A new approach to cyanide determination based on the measurement of the diffusion current arising from the oxidation of silver to dicyanoargentate(I) is described, which is fast and linear for levels from one microgram to several grams per litre of solution.
TL;DR: The chlorination of glycine by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system at acidic pH values yielded N-monochloroglycine and a mixture of HCN and ClCN, which resulted in HCN being formed as a product of N-dichloroglyCine decomposition and cyanogen chloride formation.
TL;DR: Metabolic changes associated with cyanide intoxication were observed for the first time in perfused rat liver using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 60.7 MHz, consistent with reversible binding of cyanide to mitochondrial cytochromes and their observation by 31P NMR indicates the potential of this method for studying metabolism in whole, perfuse rat liver under physiologic conditions.
TL;DR: Proton nuclear-relaxation rates have been measured as a function of frequency, temperature, pH and cyanide concentration in aqueous solutions of superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes and it is proposed that this involves cleavage of the bond between Cu2+ and the histidine residue that bridges to Zn2+.
Abstract: Proton nuclear-relaxation rates have been measured as a function of frequency, temperature, pH and cyanide concentration in aqueous solutions of superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes. The results show that, whereas for pH less than or equal to 9 only one water molecule is bound to each Cu2+ ion, at higher pH a second co-ordination site for OH- becomes available; it is proposed that this involves cleavage of the bond between Cu2+ and the histidine residue that bridges to Zn2+.
TL;DR: A modified analytical procedure for routine Isolation of cyanide from biological materials that makes use of a cyanide electrode for direct potentiometric measurement of the liberated cyanide is described in this article.
Abstract: A modified analytical procedure for routine Isolation of cyanide from biological materials that makes use of a cyanide electrode for direct potentiometric measurement of the liberated cyanide Is described. In this procedure, the sulfide interference is eliminated with a 30 g/liter lead acetate solution, and complete analytical recovery of various amounts of cyanide added to whole blood is attained. The total time per analysis is 20 minutes. The within-day coefficient of variation in the 11.6 to 85.5 /zmol/liter range is 4.8% or less. The method is particularly useful for routine diagnostic analysis of biological materials in cases of acute cyanide poisoning. The effects of temperature and time of storage on cyanide concentration in biological materials are also investigated. The results suggest that the least in vitro change in cyanide concentration during storage occurs at refrigeration temperature (+ 4~
TL;DR: The results suggest that chloride is bound near the exposed heme edge and that the surface structure or dynamics in this region are different in the two oxidation states.
Abstract: The enhancement of the 35Cl- transverse relaxation rate on binding of chloride ions to oxidized and reduced cytochrome c has been studied under conditions of variable sodium chloride concentration, temperature, pH, sodium phosphate, iron hexacyanide, and sodium cyanide concentration. The results revealed the presence of a strong binding site(s) for chloride in both oxidized and reduced cyt c, with a higher affinity in ferrocytochrome c. Competition experiments suggest that these sites also bind iron hexacyanide and phosphate. Cyanide binding to the iron in ferricytochrome c at alkaline and neutral pH was shown to decrease the binding of chloride. The pH dependence of the 35Cl- relaxation rate has been fitted by using literature pK values for ionizable groups. No indications of Na+ binding to oxidized and reduced cytochrome c have been observed by using 23Na+ NMR. Our results suggest that chloride is bound near the exposed heme edge and that the surface structure or dynamics in this region are different in the two oxidation states.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that to electrodeposit brass the cathode must be at a potential of less than about −1.3 V. This can be achieved with cyanide electrolyte, perhaps marginally with pyrophosphate and not at all with glycerol-zincate.
TL;DR: It is suggested that reactions responsible for production of chemiluminescence are those primarily producing superoxide anions and leading to lipid peroxidation and singlet-oxygen formation.
Abstract: 1. Chemiluminescence of Acanthomoeba castellanii in the presence of O2 was of similar intensity in organisms harvested early or late during exponential growth [when cyanide (1 mM) stimulates or inhibits respiration respectively]. 2. Cyanide (up to 1.5 mM) stimulated photoemission in both types of organism by 250--300 photons/s per 10(7) cells above the value observed under aerobic conditions. 3. 'Dibromothymoquinone' (2,5-dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-p-benzoquinone) (up to 80 microM) further increased chemiluminescence. 4. Similar responses were also demonstrated in whole homogenates and in subcellular fractions; 36% of the chemiluminescence was provided by a fraction sedimenting at 100000g-min, and 20% in that fraction that was non-sedimentable at 200000g-min. 5. Mitochondrial substrates (succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, NADH) in the presence or absence of ADP and Pi or peroxisomal substrates (glycollate, urate or ethanol) gave no increases in light emission by whole homogenates or in any of the fractions. 6. It is suggested that reactions responsible for production of chemiluminescence are those primarily producing superoxide anions and leading to lipid peroxidation and singlet-oxygen formation. Photoemission enhancement and superoxide dismutase inhibition showed similar cyanide concentration-dependencies.
Patent•
25 Apr 1979TL;DR: In this article, a novel process for the preparation of a monomeric acyl cyanide of the general formula ##STR1## was proposed, in which R represents optionally substituted alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted cycloalkyl with 3 to 12 carbon atoms and optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted 5membered or 6-membered heterocyclic radical which can be fused with a benzene ring.
Abstract: Novel process for the preparation of a monomeric acyl cyanide of the general formula ##STR1## in which R represents optionally substituted alkyl with up to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted cycloalkyl with 3 to 12 carbon atoms, optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclic radical, which optionally can be fused with a benzene ring, which process comprises heating the corresponding dimeric acyl cyanide of the general formula ##STR2## in which R has the meaning stated above, to a temperature of from 50° to 300° C. in the presence of a compound having a basic reaction and rapidly removing the monomeric acyl cyanide (I) formed from the reaction mixture.
01 Jun 1979-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative description of the adsorption based on the structure of the electrical double layer has been proposed to explain the effect of sodium, calcium, free cyanide ions and hydrogen ion.
Abstract: Experiments have been carried out on the adsorption of silver cyanide on charcoal from solution having various concentrations of sodium, calcium, free cyanide, and hydrogen ion. It has been found that sodium and calcium ions enhance the adsorption of silver cyanide on charcoal while free cyanide ions reduce the adsorption. A qualitative description of the adsorption based on the structure of the electrical double layer has been proposed to explain the effect of sodium, calcium and free cyanide ions on the adsorption. Increasing acidity of solution enhances the adsorption of silver cyanide on charcoal except in a certain pH range. The adsorption of silver cyanide in acid solution seems to be influenced by the zeta potential of the charcoal particles rather than by the adsorption of hydrogen ions. The adsorbability of different size ions on charcoal has been determined. The larger ions have a greater adsorption potential as shown by the order of adsorption amount with gold cyanide > silver cyanide > cyanide.
TL;DR: DMAP is more appropriate for the therapy of cyanide poisoning than Co2EDTA, since the latter adds its inhibitory effects on the metablism to those of cyanides.
Abstract: The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol-HCl (DMAP), Co2EDTA, and Co(histidine)2 on the survival rate and several physiological parameters were studied on dogs after acute intravenous poisoning with the double lethal dose of potassium cyanide.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrodeposition of indium from aqueous solutions is reviewed and process characteristics for cyanide, alkaline non-cyanide, sulphate and fluoridic electrolytes are discussed in detail.