Showing papers on "Desalination published in 2002"
Book•
20 Mar 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the resources and need for water desalination, and present an economic analysis of the desalinization process, including factors affecting product cost and economic calculations.
Abstract: Introduction - Resources and need for water desalination, Composition of seawater Single Effect Evaporation - Single effect evaporation, Evaporators Single Effect Evaporation - Vapor Compression, Single effect thermal vapor compression, Single effect mechanical vapor compression Multiple Effect Evaporation - Developments in multiple effect evaporation, Forward feed multiple effect evaporation Multiple Effect Evaporation - Vapor Compression, Parallel feed multiple effect evaporation, Forward feed multiple effect evaporation with thermal vapor compression Multi Stage Flash Distillation - Developments in MSF, MSF flashing stage Reverse Osmosis - Historical background, Elements of membrane separation Reverse Osmosis Feed Treatment, Biofouling, and Membrane Cleaning - Nee for pretreatment processes in RO, Testing methods Associated Processes - Venting of non-condensable gases, Steam jet ejectors Economic Analysis of Desalination Processes - Factors affecting product cost, Elements of economic calculations. Appendices: Thermodynamic Properties Thermodynamic Losses Heat Transfer Coefficients Computer Package.
790 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of recent process improvements in seawater desalination using reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), electrodialysis (ED), and hybrid processes.
388 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the design and optimization of an electrodialysis plant to be used for brackish water desalination has been treated and the required equations were derived or, as in the case of the limiting current density, were experimentally determined.
277 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ULPRO membrane chemistry can provide a high water flux at low operating pressure, while maintaining a very good salt and organics rejection, but neither molecular weight nor molecular width can be considered as an absolute factor for rejection.
263 citations
TL;DR: A review of pilot plants and perspectives of development is presented in this article, where the use of renewable energies in seawater desalination is suitable, especially for remote areas where conventional energy supply and skilled workers are not usually available.
247 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, both the NaCl solution and real seawater are used as the feed of MD processes to investigate the differences in permeate flux, product water quality and membrane fouling.
235 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an in-depth analysis of thermal and membrane desalination economics and outline a simple procedure for calculating the unit product cost for various Desalination processes.
Abstract: This article presents an in-depth analysis of thermal and membrane desalination economics and outlines a simple procedure for calculating the unit product cost for various desalination processes.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of ultra-filtration (UF) pre-treatment prior to reverse osmosis (RO) for desalting seawater with high-fouling tendency was assessed.
167 citations
Patent•
01 Feb 2002TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium of the soluble and insoluble species of solute within the second solution was manipulated in order to generate osmotic pressure on the first solution and precipitate out a portion of the solute.
Abstract: An energy efficient desalination process that does not produce waste products involves the extraction of water from a first solution, such as seawater, by using a second concentrated solution to draw the water from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. By manipulating the equilibrium of the soluble and insoluble species of solute within the second solution in favor of the soluble species of the solute, a saturated second solution can be used to generate osmotic pressure on the first solution. Also, by adjusting the equilibrium in favor of the less soluble species after the water has been drawn from the first solution, a portion of the solute can easily be precipitated out. Heating the second solution decomposes the solute into its constituent gases. The constituent gases and precipitated solute may be recycled through the process to affect the changes in equilibrium and eliminate waste products. Additionally, by using the waste steam from industrial sources and a heat pump to effectively distribute heat through the present method, the present method exhibits greater energy efficiency than prior art methods.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an exergy analysis of a 7250 m3/d reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in California was conducted by using actual plant operation data, and an alternative design was investigated to improve its performance.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the feasibility of producing potable water from simulated seawater by integrating a membrane distillation module with a solar still, where the relatively hot brine in the solar still was used as a feed to the membrane module.
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of different membrane units represents an interesting way for reaching the process intensification goals due to the possibility of overcoming the limits of the single units and, thus, to improve the performance of the overall operation.
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment of the cumulative energy demand of both processes for a technical plant including production of the regeneration agents for the ion exchangers and treatment of waste water is presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, a feasibility study of water desalination in remote areas of Egypt using photovoltaic energy as the primary source of energy is presented, where the availability of water resources and solar energy in these areas has been investigated.
Patent•
17 Dec 2002TL;DR: In this paper, a diffusion-driven desalination system is proposed, which includes structure for receiving a heated water stream and creating at least one region having a thin water and structure for forcing a low humidity air stream over the thin film of water, wherein water from the thin water evaporates and diffuses into the air stream to create a humidified air stream.
Abstract: A diffusion driven desalination apparatus and related method includes structure for receiving a heated water stream and creating at least one region having a thin film of water and structure for forcing a low humidity air stream over the thin film of water, wherein water from the thin film of water evaporates and diffuses into the air stream to create a humidified air stream. A diffusion tower including at least one plenum can be used to create and transfer the humidified air stream. At least one condenser, such as a direct contact condenser, condenses the humidified air stream, wherein purified water is produced. Waste heat from a power plant can be used to provide the heated water stream and power plants can use the waste heat generated to inexpensively provide purified water.
TL;DR: In this paper, a prototype wind-powered reverse osmosis desalination system was constructed and tested on Coconut Island off the northern coast of Oahu, Hawaii, for brackish water desalinization.
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical study has been carried out to investigate the performance of a simple solar desalination system using humidification, which consists of a solar air heater, humidifier, dehumidifier and a circulating air-driving component.
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed study was carried out for the determination of the water cost in small size RO desalination plants in remote areas, and the actual expenses for these plants were examined thoroughly and as a result the real cost per cubic meter was estimated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a global analysis of the use of solar energy in seawater distillation under Spanish climatic conditions is presented, where different temperature ranges of the thermal energy supply required for a desalination process were considered.
TL;DR: The outfall area of a small desalination facility on the northwestern coast of the Arabian Gulf was investigated for metal contamination, and Cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, vanadium, iron, phosphorus and zinc were very high in the sediment samples from the immediate vicinity of the outfall, and decreased progressively away from it.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a two-stage full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) process for a desalination plant in Florida was simulated with a mathematical model based on the principles of membrane transport and mass conservation.
Abstract: Performance of a two-stage full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) process for a desalination plant in Florida was simulated with a mathematical model based on the principles of membrane transport and mass conservation. In this model, water flux at any point along the filtration channel is calculated locally according to the basic transport theory of RO membranes. The changes in cross-flow velocity and salt concentration along the filtration channel were determined using mass balance principles of water and salt. Simulations of the plant performance were compared with the in-plant observation data over a period of more than 300 days. The results showed that the model could adequately describe the performance of the full-scale RO process based on a few module and operating parameters. The study also revealed that salt rejection of a RO membrane changed with feed salt concentration. The osmotic pressure coefficient that fits best with performance of this plant was substantially lower than the value determined with ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the various options for a small system, designed to deliver a permeate flow of 400-1000 l/d from brackish wells and selected the most suitable membrane for salt retention and very high organics retention.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of reverse osmosis membranes before and after the peeling process and found that potassium permanganate was more effective than others, together with sodium hydroxide.
Patent•
04 Jun 2002TL;DR: An apparatus for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid comprising: a geothermal power plant (20) that produces power from geyser fluid supplied thereto; apparatus (30) for supplying sea water to the condenser (28) of the geothermal Power plant that produces heated sea water; and a desalination plant (40) to which the heated seawater is supplied and which produces drinking water as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An apparatus (10) and method for producing power and desalinated water from geothermal fluid comprising: a geothermal power plant (20) that produces power from geothermal fluid supplied thereto; apparatus (30) for supplying sea water to the condenser (28) of the geothermal power plant that produces heated sea water; and a desalination plant (40) to which the heated sea water is supplied and which produces drinking water.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the design of pretreatment, experimental set-up, results, and data analysis of desalinating municipal wastewater by reverse osmosis (RO) technology and show that wastewater can be treated to produce an excellent permeate quality almost devoid from salts and pollutants.
TL;DR: In this article, a flat-plate collector for seawater desalination is presented, which is installed in a pilot plant in Pozo Izquierdo, Gran Canaria, which produces about 600 l of drinking water per day.
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of concentrating solar power technologies and their perspectives for sustainable development and climate protection is presented together with instruments for enhanced project assessment using remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems.
Abstract: The paper gives a review of concentrating solar power technologies and shows their perspectives for sustainable development and climate protection. New concepts for the combined generation of power and water are presented together with instruments for enhanced project assessment using remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems. The vast solar energy resources of the South can be activated by international renewable energy alliances and allow for a smooth transition of the present electricity schemes to a sustainable power system based on renewable energy sources.
Patent•
29 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and apparatus for desalinating water, especially sea water, having a plurality of membrane module units disposed at respective successive stages is disclosed, where permeated water from a first stage membrane module unit is supplied to a second stage module unit to obtain permeated water.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for desalinating water, especially sea water, having a plurality of membrane module units disposed at respective successive stages are disclosed. Permeated water from a first stage membrane module unit is supplied to a second stage membrane module unit to obtain permeated water. The apparatus contains at least first and second membrane module units at respective successive first and second stages for water permeation.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of over 8000 operating hours performance data of an RO plant utilizing spiral-wound membranes (SW) used to desalinate subsurface water with TDS of about 11,000 mg/1 and an economic feasibility evaluation.