Showing papers on "Docosahexaenoic acid published in 1995"
TL;DR: Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest.
Abstract: Objective. —To assess whether the dietary intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood, assessed both directly and indirectly through a biomarker, is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest. Design. —Population-based case-control study. Setting. —Seattle and suburban King County, Washington. Participants —A total of 334 case patients with primary cardiac arrest, aged 25 to 74 years, attended by paramedics during 1988 to 1994 and 493 population-based control cases and controls, matched for age and sex, randomly identified from the community. All cases and controls were free of prior clinical heart disease, major comorbidity, and use of fish oil supplements. Measures of Exposure. —Spouses of case patients and control subjects were interviewed to quantify dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from seafood during the prior month and other clinical characteristics. Blood specimens from 82 cases (collected in the field) and 108 controls were analyzed to determine red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition, a biomarker of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Results. —Compared with no dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), an intake of 5.5 g of n-3 fatty acids per month (the mean of the third quartile and the equivalent of one fatty fish meal per week) was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of primary cardiac arrest (odds ratio [OR], 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4 to 0.8), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Compared with a red blood cell membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level of 3.3% of total fatty acids (the mean of the lowest quartile), a red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level of 5.0% of total fatty acids (the mean of the third quartile) was associated with a 70% reduction in the risk of primary cardiac arrest (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.6). Conclusion. —Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest. (JAMA. 1995;274:1363-1367)
948 citations
TL;DR: It is postulate that adequate long-chain polyuns saturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid, may reduce the development of depression just as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce coronary artery disease.
492 citations
TL;DR: Intact human sperm incorporated radiolabelled fatty acids into membrane phospholipids when incubated in medium containing bovine serum albumin as a fatty acid carrier, indicating that aospholipase A2 may act in peroxidative defense by excising a hydroperoxy acyl group from phospholIPid and providing the hydro peroxy fatty acid product as substrate to glutathione peroxIDase.
Abstract: Intact human sperm incorporated radiolabelled fatty acids into membrane phospholipids when incubated in medium containing bovine serum albumin as a fatty acid carrier. The polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into the plasmalogen fraction of phospholipid. Uptake was linear with time over 2 hr; at this time sufficient label was available to determine the loss of fatty acids under conditions of spontaneous lipid peroxidation. Loss of the various phospholipid types, the loss of the various fatty acids from these phospholipids, and the overall loss of fatty acids were all first order. The loss of saturated fatty acids was slow with first order rate constant k1 = 0.003 hr-1; for the polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, k1 = 0.145 and 0.162 hr-1, respectively. The rate of loss of fatty acids from the various phospholipid types was dependent on the type, with loss from phosphatidylethanolamine being the most rapid. Among the phospholipid types, phosphatidylethanolamine was lost at the greatest rate. Analysis of fatty acid loss through oxidation products was determined for radiolabelled arachidonic acid. Under conditions of spontaneous lipid peroxidation at 37 degrees C under air in the absence of albumin, free arachidonic acid was found in the medium, along with minor amounts of hydroxylated derivative. All the hydroperoxy fatty acid remained in the cells. In the presence of albumin, all the hydroperoxy fatty acid was found in the supernatant bound to albumin; none could be detected in the cells. Albumin is known as a very potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in sperm; its action may be explained, based on these results, as binding the damaging hydroperoxy fatty acids. These results also indicate that a phospholipase A2 may act in peroxidative defense by excising a hydroperoxy acyl group from phospholipid and providing the hydroperoxy fatty acid product as substrate to glutathione peroxidase. This formulation targets hydroperoxy fatty acid as a key intermediate in peroxidative degradation.
468 citations
TL;DR: The question arises whether the mother, under the prevailing dietary conditions, is able to meet the high fetal requirement for EFA.
Abstract: Although essential fatty acids (EFA) and their longer chain, more unsaturated derivatives play a major role during pregnancy, hardly any information is available with respect to the course of the maternal EFA status during an uncomplicated pregnancy and its relationship to the neonatal EFA status. Therefore, a longitudinal study was started in which 110 pregnant women gave repeated blood samples from the 10th week of gestation until delivery. After birth a blood sample from the umbilical vein and a maternal venous blood sample were collected as well, and 6 months after delivery a final blood sample from the mother was taken. The absolute (mg/l) and relative (% total fatty acids) amounts of the fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were determined. The total amounts of fatty acids increased significantly during pregnancy. This pattern was similar for the individual fatty acids and fatty acid families. The relative amount of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) did not change during pregnancy, whereas the relative amount of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) decreased. Despite maternal mobilization of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), suggested by a temporary increase in the DHA status until 18 weeks gestation, the DHA status steadily declined thereafter. This pattern was associated with a progressive increase in the DHA deficiency index in maternal blood throughout pregnancy and resulted in a sub-optimal neonatal DHA status. The overall maternal EFA status also declined steadily during pregnancy. Therefore, the question arises whether the mother, under the prevailing dietary conditions, is able to meet the high fetal requirement for EFA.
395 citations
TL;DR: The correlations between diet and plasma FAs held relatively constant regardless of whether participants were overweight, had chronic diseases, were alcohol drinkers, or were cigarette smokers, however, at similar reported dietary intakes, the plasma lipid concentration of saturated FAs was higher and/or that of linoleic acid was lower in people with these characteristics compared with those without these characteristics.
372 citations
TL;DR: It is suggestive that formula supplementation with one or both of these fatty acids can benefit term infants in neurodevelopmental performance.
Abstract: A direct influence of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on the developmental quotient (DQ) of the healthy term infant remains unexplored. To test this hypothesis, we designed a prospective study of three types of diet. Twenty-nine infants received a LC-PUFA-supplemented formula, 31 received a standard infant formula, and 30 infants were breast-fed exclusively. Neurodevelopmental response was measured by the Brunet-Lezine psychomotor development test at 4 mo. The fatty acid status was also assessed among three diet subgroups (59 subjects) at 4 mo. Formula-fed infants who received LC-PUFA supplementation scored significantly higher (p < 0.01) on the Brunet-Lezine scale than infants who received the standard formula. Breast-fed infants also performed better than those fed the standard formula. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in circulating lipids and erythrocyte phospholipids were higher among breast-fed infants and among the group fed the arachidonic- and docosahexaenoic acid-supplemented formula. These findings are suggestive that formula supplementation with one or both of these fatty acids can benefit term infants in neurodevelopmental performance.
329 citations
TL;DR: The inhibitory effects of dietary fish oil on human breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in this model system are ascribable to its high eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic acid content; the mechanism very likely involves suppression of tumor eicOSanoid biosynthesis.
Abstract: Background: Diets rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., corn oil and other fats containing linoleic acid) stimulate the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. On the other hand, diets containing fish oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), exert suppressive effects. Purpose: Our objective was twofold: 1) to compare the effects of diets containing linoleic acid with those of diets containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells in the nude mouse model and 2) to determine how such effects relate to observed changes in the chemical content of tumor fatty acids and eicosanoid production. Methods: Groups of 30 female athymic nude mice were fed 20% (wt/wt) fat diets containing either linoleic acid (8%) alone, linoleic acid (8%) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (4%) or docosahexaenoic acid (4%), or linoleic acid (4%) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (8%) or docosahexaenoic acid (8%) for 7 days before one million MDA-MB-435 cells were injected into a thoracic mammary fat pad. Diets were continued for 12 more weeks. Primary tumors were measured weekly. The mice were then killed and necropsied, and tumor tissues preserved. Cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid analyses and eicosanoid assays were performed. All P values represent two-tailed tests of statistical significance. Results: The growth of the primary tumors was retarded in mice fed the diets supplemented with eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid compared with the growth of primary tumors in mice fed the 8% linoleic acid diet. Growth inhibition was statistically significant (P<.05) and most effective in association with the diets containing 8% of either omega-3 fatty acid, where tumors were smaller than those in the group fed the diet containing 8% linoleic acid alone at all time points after the 2nd week. The occurrence and severity of lung metastases were reduced in the groups fed omega-3 fatty acid (P<.05). In groups of mice fed eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid, the representation of these acids in tumor phospholipids increased, with a statistically significant reduction in the concentrations of arachidonic acid (all groups), tumor 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and prostaglandin E. Levels of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4 were unaffected by the omega-3 fatty acids. Conclusion: The inhibitory effects of dietary fish oil on human breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in this model system are ascribable to its high eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content; the mechanism very likely involves suppression of tumor eicosanoid biosynthesis. Implication: Future dietary intervention trials designed to reduce the risk of recurrence in the postsurgical breast cancer patient should include the evaluation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation
289 citations
TL;DR: Findings are consistent with other evidence indicating that saturated fatty acids are directly correlated with CHD and that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsAreas of associations were present after adjustment for blood lipid levels, other mechanisms, such as a direct effect on blood clotting, may be involved.
Abstract: To examine the relation between serum fatty acids and coronary heart disease (CHD), the authors conducted a nested case-control study of 94 men with incident CHD and 94 men without incident CHD who were enrolled in the Usual Care group of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial between December 1973 and February 1976. After confirming the stability of the stored serum samples, the authors measured serum fatty acid levels by gas-liquid chromatography and examined their association with CHD. In all multivariate models, levels of the cholesterol ester saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (16:0) were directly associated with CHD risk (standardized odds ratio = 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.10-2.55 in the model that adjusted for total plasma cholesterol level). Levels of the phospholipid omega-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (22:5) were inversely associated with CHD risk in the two multivariate models that controlled for the effects of total plasma cholesterol level or high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total plasma cholesterol ratio (standardized odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.89 in the first model that controlled for total plasma cholesterol level). In contrast to the first two multivariate models, levels of the docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) were inversely associated with CHD risk in a third multivariate model that controlled for the effects of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to low density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (standardized odds ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.90). These findings are consistent with other evidence indicating that saturated fatty acids are directly correlated with CHD and that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely correlated with CHD. Because these associations were present after adjustment for blood lipid levels, other mechanisms, such as a direct effect on blood clotting, may be involved.
260 citations
TL;DR: It is recommended that breast milk substitute infant formulas should contain n-3 and n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids in proportions similar to those of human milk.
Abstract: The fatty acid compositions of the major cerebral cortex phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were measured in 16 term and one preterm 'cot death' infants fed exclusively either breast milk or one of two formulas. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) content in cerebral cortex phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine of breast fed infants was greater than in both formula groups with significances varying between p < 0.1 and p < 0.001. Compensation for this deficiency in DHA in the formula fed infants was largely achieved by increased incorporation of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-6) in the cerebral cortex of term infants and Mead (C20:3n-9) and dihomo Mead acids (C22:3n-9) in the preterm infant. As the phospholipids most affected are known to perform an important role in membrane function and are possibly integral to neurotransmission it is recommended that breast milk substitute infant formulas should contain n-3 and n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids in proportions similar to those of human milk.
243 citations
TL;DR: Results show that free polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce membrane electrical excitability of heart cells and provide an electrophysiological basis for the antiarrhythmic effects of these fatty acids.
Abstract: Because previous studies showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce the contraction rate of spontaneously beating heart cells and have antiarrhythmic effects, we examined the effects of the fatty acids on the electrophysiology of the cardiac cycle in isolated neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Exposure of cardiomyocytes to 10 microM eicosapentaenoic acid for 2-5 min markedly increased the strength of the depolarizing current required to elicit an action potential (from 18.0 +/- 2.4 pA to 26.8 +/- 2.7 pA, P < 0.01) and the cycle length of excitability (from 525 ms to 1225 ms, delta = 700 +/- 212, P < 0.05). These changes were due to an increase in the threshold for action potential (from -52 mV to -43 mV, delta = 9 +/- 3, P < 0.05) and a more negative resting membrane potential (from -52 mV to -57 mV, delta = 5 +/- 1, P < 0.05). There was a progressive prolongation of intervals between spontaneous action potentials and a slowed rate of phase 4 depolarization. Other polyunsaturated fatty acids--including docosahexaenoic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and its nonmetabolizable analog eicosatetraynoic acid, but neither the monounsaturated oleic acid nor the saturated stearic acid--had similar effects. The effects of the fatty acids could be reversed by washing with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. These results show that free polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce membrane electrical excitability of heart cells and provide an electrophysiological basis for the antiarrhythmic effects of these fatty acids.
237 citations
TL;DR: PUFA's significantly interfere with cell proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro due to the formation of oxidation products, indicating that there must be other factors involved in the differential metabolism of PUFA's in tumor cells.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies suggest a causal relationship of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA's) with the morbidity and mortality from breast cancer. In order to reveal possible underlying mechanisms of these findings, we studied the influence of n-3 and n-6 PUFA's in comparison to oleic acid on the proliferation of well characterized estrogen dependent (MCF-7, ZR-75, T-47-D) and estrogen independent (MDA-MB-231, HBL-100) breast cancer cells in culture. The cell growth inhibitory effect was related to the formation of lipid peroxidation products. Normal human skin fibroblasts served as a control. In fibroblasts, the addition of 20 micrograms/ml of exogenous fatty acids either had no effect or caused an insignificant increase of proliferation. Similar results were obtained with MCF-7 cells. In all other breast cancer cell types, n-3 long-chain PUFA's, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, were the most effective fatty acids in arresting the cell growth. Alpha-linolenic and gamma-linolenic acid exerted a variable effect on cell proliferation depending on the cell line investigated. Oleic acid significantly stimulated the proliferation of hormone-independent breast cancer cells while it had no effect on the proliferation of hormone-dependent cells. Viability studies by trypan blue excretion indicated that the arrest in cell growth was not due to major cytotoxic effects. The addition of PUFA's to breast cancer cells caused a significant increase in the formation of conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides in the cellular lipids; their content was significantly correlated with the capacity of arresting cell growth. In contrast, the addition of PUFA's to fibroblasts did not increase lipid hydroperoxide formation. The addition of Vitamin E to cancer cells at a concentration of 10 microM to the PUFA-supplemented medium almost completely restored cell growth. Our data indicate that PUFA's significantly interfere with cell proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro due to the formation of oxidation products. In addition to that, there must be other factors involved, most probably related to the differential metabolism of PUFA's in tumor cells. Our findings may have some impact on treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
TL;DR: Incorporation of DHA into phospholipids selectively attenuates VCAM-1 induction by TNF-alpha and subsequent monocytic cell adhesion by inhibition of T NF-alpha-stimulated PC-PLC activation in HUVECs.
Abstract: Incorporation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) but not eicosapentaenoic acid or n-6 arachidonic acid into human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) phospholipids dose-dependently reduced tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α)–induced surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1). In parallel, DHA inhibited TNF-α–stimulated monocytic U937 cell adhesion to HUVECs but did not affect TNF-α– or interferon gamma–induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule–1 and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule–1 or VCAM-1 induction by interleukin-1β. DHA appeared to attenuate VCAM-1 transcription, as it reduced induction of VCAM-1 mRNA by TNF-α. VCAM-1 induction is regulated by activation of nuclear factor–kB, which can be mediated by a TNF-α–responsive phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). Gel-shift analysis showed inhibition of TNF-α–induced nuclear factor–kB mobilization by DHA. While the PC-PLC inhibitor D609 dose-dependently prevente...
TL;DR: Eggs modified by the inclusion of flaxseed in the laying hens' diet could provide an important nutritional source of n-3 fatty acid.
TL;DR: Children born to mothers supplemented with fish oil in the last trimester of pregnancy start with a better docosahexaenoic acid status at birth, which may be beneficial to neonatal neurodevelopment.
Abstract: Healthy pregnant women (n 23) were supplemented with fish-oil capsules (2.7 g n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids/d) from the 30th week of gestation until delivery. Subjects in a control group were either supplemented with olive-oil capsules (4 g/d, n 6) or received no supplementation (n 10). Fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids isolated from umbilical plasma and umbilical arterial and venous vessel walls were determined. Fatty acid compositions of maternal venous plasma phospholipids were determined as well. Maternal plasma phospholipids of the fish-oil-supplemented group contained more n-3 fatty acids and less n-6 fatty acids. Moreover, the amounts of the essential fatty acid deficiency markers Mead acid (20 :3n-9) and Osbond acid (22 :5n-6) were significantly lower. The extra amount of n-3 fatty acids consumed by the mothers resulted in higher contents of n-3 fatty acids, and of docosahexaenoic acid (22 :6n-3) in particular, in the phospholipids of umbilical plasma and vessel walls. It is, indeed, possible to interfere with the docosahexaenoic acid status at birth : children born to mothers supplemented with fish oil in the last trimester of pregnancy start with a better docosahexaenoic acid status at birth, which may be beneficial to neonatal neurodevelopment.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the pathway for docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in human cells involves 24-carbon intermediates, which may underlie some of the pathology that occurs in genetic diseases involving peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
TL;DR: Significant negative correlations between depleted n6 fatty acids and plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances suggests that depletion is caused by increased breakdown of these fatty acids rather than by impaired incorporation of fatty acids into membranes.
TL;DR: Dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot, as similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney.
Abstract: Five purified diets containing AA (20:4n-6) at 0.02–0.78% dry weight and DHA (22:6n-3) at 0.93–0.17% dry weight were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 0.87 g for a period of 11 weeks. The dietary DHA:AA ratio ranged from 62 to 0.2. Incorporation of AA into liver phospholipids increased with increasing dietary AA input. Phospholipids from fish fed diets containing 0.02, 0.06 and 0.11% of dry weight as AA generally contained less AA compared to fish fed fish oil while those fed diets containing 0.35 and 0.78% of dry weight as AA had higher AA levels in their phospholipids. The highest levels of AA were found in PI but the greatest percentage increase in AA incorporation was in PE and PC. Brain phospholipid fatty acid compositions were less altered by dietary treatment than those of liver but DHA content of PC and PE in brain was substantially lower in fish fed 0.93% pure DHA compared to those fed fish oil. This suggests that dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot. In both tissues, (20:5n-3) concentration was inversely related to both dietary and tissue PI AA concentration. Similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney. PGE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α were measured in homogenates of heart, brain, gill and kidney. In general, fish fed the lowest dietary AA levels had reduced levels of prostaglandins in their tissue homogenates while those fed the highest level of AA had increased prostaglandin levels, compared to fish fed fish oil. In brains, the PGE2 concentration was only significantly increased in fish fed the highest dietary AA.
TL;DR: The results in rats confirm that the fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) in position 2 of dietary triglycerides play a crucial role in the metabolism and biologic effects of these fatty acids.
Abstract: Dietary fatty acids in the sn-2 position are preferentially absorbed as monoacylglycerols. To determine whether thy also have more important biologic effects, rats were fed for 2 and 4 mo a purified diet containing native palm oil, interesterified palm oil, native lard or interesterified lard. Interesterification that increased or decreased the level of fatty acids in position 2 depending on the fat, resulted in significant corresponding changes in the fecal excretion of saturated fatty acids. Fecal excretion of saturated fatty acids was associated with significant changes in some plsma fatty acids. Interesterification in lard resulted in significantly lower plasma triglycerides, and in palm oil, increased platelet aggregation induced by ADP. Lipemia, platelet aggregation and associated plasma fatty acids (palmitic, heneicosanoic and docosahexaenoic acids) were significantly affected only by dietary fatty acids at the sn-2 position. Even without changes in absorption, only linoleic acid in position 2 was correlated with the plasma concentration of the corresponding longer chain arachidonic acid. These results in rats confirm that the fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) in position 2 of dietary triglycerides play a crucial role in the metabolism and biologic effects of these fatty acids.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that these lipid patterns rich in free fatty acids were relevant to the degradation of complex lipids, and confirmed that the diatom, S. costatum, provides a good diet for molluscs, particularly through its high proportion of eJ3 PUFA.
TL;DR: Fatty acid analysis of the plasma phospholipid fraction suggests increased formation of lipid peroxides and an alteration in the metabolism of EFAs are closely associated with CHD, HTN and NIDDM in Indians.
Abstract: Mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and essential hypertension (HTN) are higher in people of South Asian descent than in other groups. There is evidence to believe that essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their metabolites may have a role in the pathobiology of CHD, DM and HTN. Fatty acid analysis of the plasma phospholipid fraction revealed that in CHD the levels of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are low, in patients with HTN linoleic acid (LA) and AA are low, and in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and diabetic nephropathy the levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), AA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA are low, all compared to normal controls. These results are interesting since DGLA, AA and EPA form precursors to prostaglandin E1, (PGE1), prostacyclin (PGI2), and PGI3, which are potent platelet anti-aggregators and vasodilators and can prevent thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Further, the levels of lipid peroxides were found to be high in patients with CHD, HTN, NIDDM and diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest that increased formation of lipid peroxides and an alteration in the metabolism of EFAs are closely associated with CHD, HTN and NIDDM in Indians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: Four barrows and four gilts were assigned to each of five dietary treatments: a control (CO) diet or a 15% flaxseed (FS) diet fed for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d prior to slaughter.
Abstract: Four barrows and four gilts were assigned to each of five dietary treatments: a control (CO) diet or a 15% flaxseed (FS) diet fed for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d prior to slaughter. Flaxseed treatments did not affect any production or carcass traits (P > .10). No pork processing problems due to lack of firmness were encountered. Amounts (milligrams/gram of tissue) and percentages of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA [18: 3n-3]), arachidonic acid (AA [20:4n-6]), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA [20:5n-3]) increased (P < .001) in both backfat layers and in kidney (leaf) fat and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA [22:6n-3]) increased (P < .006) in the middle/inner backfat layer after FS. The effects of dietary FS on fatty acid profiles were maintained in lard and pastry. Alpha-linolenic acid, AA, and EPA increased (P < .001) and DHA increased (P < .021) in the raw belly in response to FS; the effect was maintained throughout processing to microwaved bacon. Percentage of oleic acid (OA [18:1n-9]) decreased (P < .016) in raw bellies after FS. Alpha-linolenic acid and EPA increased (P < .001) with duration of FS in longissimus thoracis and liver neutral lipids, polar lipids, and combined lipid fractions, but DHA increased (P < .004) only in longissimus thoracis polar and combined lipid fractions. Arachidonic acid decreased in the longissimus thoracis polar lipid fractions (P < .037) and in liver neutral (P < .01) and combined lipid fractions (P < .006) with FS. All ALA:AA and EPA:AA ratios increased (P < .001 to P < .048) with increased duration of FS (except ALA:AA in pastry [P = .56]). Processing of bellies into bacon and storing at -18 degrees C for 6 wk did not cause thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values to exceed a value of 1.0 after either the CO or FS diets. After microwaving bacon when TBA values approached 2.0, there was no FS dietary effect on TBA values. Trained panelists rated FS bacon more flavor-intense than CO bacon and recorded more flavor defects for FS bacon. A 105-member consumer group showed a higher frequency of "dislikes" for FS bacon than for CO bacon.
TL;DR: The data illustrate the heterogeneity of the fatty acid composition of human milk and suggest a great influence of geography and the maternal diet on concentrations of DHA and AA in human milk.
Abstract: Human milk samples were obtained from 146 lactating women living in five distinct geographic regions of the People's Republic of China. The regions were characterized as follows: pastoral, rural, urban 1, urban 2, and marine. Dietary information obtained on a subsample of women providing milk suggested distinct differences in the food availability in the five regions and the habitual diets of the lactating women studied. The milk concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) varied greatly (g/100 g total fatty acids): 0.44 +/- 0.29 (pastoral), 0.68 +/- 0.29 (rural), 0.88 +/- 0.34 (urban 1), 0.82 +/- 0.35 (urban 2), and 2.78 +/- 1.20 (marine region). Docosahexaenoic acid is critical for brain and retina development in the infant. Milk arachidonic acid (AA) ranged from 0.80 +/- 0.14 (rural) to 1.17 +/- 0.33 and 1.22 +/- 0.32 g/100 g fatty acids from the marine and pastoral regions. Arachidonic acid is associated with infant growth. The AA to DHA ratio (g/g) was highly variable also: 2.77 (pastoral), 1.18 (rural), 1.01 (urban 1), 1.23 (urban 2), and 0.42 (marine). The DHA concentration found in the milk of women from the marine region was twice as high as any reported previously, but was in a range similar to the amounts found in the milk of women fed fish oil. Seafood consumption by the women residing in the marine region is a likely contributor to the DHA concentration in their milk. These data illustrate the heterogeneity of the fatty acid composition of human milk and suggest a great influence of geography and the maternal diet on concentrations of DHA and AA in human milk.
TL;DR: The data revealed that species such as truta, barbado, and corvina were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5θ3) and docosahexaenoic Acid (C22:6θ 3), and that most freshwater fish examined were good source of PUFA θ3.
Abstract: Lipid and fatty acid levels in the edible flesh of 17 freshwater fish from Brazil’s southern region were determined. Analyses of fatty acid methyl esters were performed by gas chromatography. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid, accounting for 50–70% of total saturated acids. Oleic acid (C18:1θ9) was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid (C18:2θ6), linolenic acid (C18:3θ3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The data revealed that species such as truta, barbado, and corvina were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5θ3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3), and that most freshwater fish examined were good sources of PUFA θ3.
TL;DR: The fatty acid composition of breast milk from 23 breast-feeding women was serially assessed by capillary gas chromatography from the 6th to the 30th wk of lactation, although some significant differences were noted for individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
TL;DR: The results suggest that in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex the activity of the elongases and desaturases are reduced in large mammals compared to small mammals and the allometric trends in membrane composition may be involved in modifying membrane permeability.
Abstract: Phospholipids were extracted from tissues (heart, skeletal muscle, kidney cortex, liver and brain) of mammals representing a 9,000-fold range in body mass (mouse, rat, rabbit, sheep and cattle) and their fatty acid composition was determined. In heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex, there were significant allometric decreases in the Unsaturation Index (UI; average number of double bonds per 100 fatty acid molecules) with increasing body mass. There were significant inverse allometric relationships between body mass and the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6ω3) in heart and skeletal muscle. In heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex, larger mammals also had shorter fatty acid chains in their phospholipids and a higher proportion of monounsaturates. In liver, smaller mammals had a higher UI than larger mammals (except the rabbit, which had the lowest UI and very low proportions of ω3 fatty acids). The brain of all mammals maintained a high UI with similar levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 22∶6ω3. Our results suggest that in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex the activity of the elongases and desaturases are reduced in large mammals compared to small mammals. The allometric trends in membrane composition may be involved in modifying membrane permeability. It is proposed that the elevated degree of polyunsaturation in the membranes of several tissues from small mammals is related to their higher metabolic activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture that contained 94% (w/w) stearidonic (SA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), plus docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) acids (4:1 urea/fatty acid ratio and 4°C crystallization final temperature) was obtained from cod liver oil fatty acids.
Abstract: n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) from the marine microalgaIsochrysis galbana were concentrated and purified by a two-step process—formation of urea inclusion compounds followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. These methods had been developed previously with fatty acids from cod liver oil. By the urea inclusion compounds method, a mixture that contained 94% (w/w) stearidonic (SA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), plus docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids (4:1 urea/fatty acid ratio and 4°C crystallization final temperature) was obtained from cod liver oil fatty acids. Further purification of SA, EPA, and DHA was achieved with reverse-phase C18 columns. These isolations were scaled up to a semi-preparative column. A PUFA concentrate was isolated fromI. galbana with methanol/water (80:20, w/w) or ethanol/water (70:30, w/w). With methanol/water, a 96% EPA fraction with 100% yield was obtained, as well as a 94% pure DHA fraction with a 94% yield. With ethanol/water as the mobile phase, EPA and DHA fractions obtained were 92% pure with yields of 84 and 88%, respectively.
TL;DR: The observations suggest that the slow recovery of free acid is caused by delayed TAG synthesis in mucosal cells and/or low micellar solubility of fatty acids in the intestinal lumen due to a limited supply of 2-monoacylglycerol (MAG).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported that incorporation into cellular lipids of one specific fatty acid of the ω-3 family, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), decreases cytokine-induced expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and leukocytes adhesion to endothelial cells.
Abstract: Although dietary fatty acids can modulate atherogenesis and inflammation, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Induction in endothelial cells of adhesion molecules for circulating leukocytes and of inflammatory mediators by cytokines likely contributes to early phases of atherogenesis and inflammation. We report here that incorporation into cellular lipids of one specific fatty acid of the ω-3 family, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), decreases cytokine-induced expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. These properties of DHA may contribute to antiatherogenic and antiinflammatory effects of ω-3 fatty acids.
TL;DR: In this article, the positional distribution of ω3 fatty acids in depot fat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), harp seal oil and cod liver oil triacylglycerols has been examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Abstract: The positional distribution [α(1,3)-acyl and s(2)-acyl] of ω3 fatty acids [18:4(n-3), 20:4(n-3), 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] in depot fat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), harp seal oil and cod liver oil triacylglycerols has been examined by13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The positional distribution data can be defined from the spectrum of the carbonyl (C1 carbon) and the methylene (C2 and glyceryl carbon) regions. In depot fat of Atlantic salmon and cod liver oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was concentrated in the s-position of the triacylglycerides with 72.6 and 74.4%, respectively. Only 3.2% of DHA and 4.6% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were esterified to the s-position of the triacylglycerides in harp seal oil. EPA is nearly randomly distributed in cod liver oil and muscle lipids of Atlantic salmon, with 37.8 and 39.7%, respectively, in the s-position. In general, the13C NMR-derived data were in accordance with corresponding data reported in the literature obtained by conventional techniques.
TL;DR: The results indicate that increasing dietary alpha-LA will elevate tissue EPA concentrations in a predictable manner, and this insight will facilitate the rational planning of practical dietary strategies for the long-term elevation ofEPA concentrations in tissues.