Showing papers on "Domain (software engineering) published in 2006"

CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature

Abstract: This article describes the latest development of a generic approach to detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. The work makes substantial theoretical and methodological contributions to progressive knowledge domain visualization. A specialty is conceptualized and visualized as a time-variant duality between two fundamental concepts in information science: research fronts and intellectual bases. A research front is defined as an emergent and transient grouping of concepts and underlying research issues. The intellectual base of a research front is its citation and co-citation footprint in scientific literature—an evolving network of scientific publications cited by research-front concepts. Kleinberg's (2002) burst-detection algorithm is adapted to identify emergent research-front concepts. Freeman's (1979) betweenness centrality metric is used to highlight potential pivotal points of paradigm shift over time. Two complementary visualization views are designed and implemented: cluster views and time-zone views. The contributions of the approach are that (a) the nature of an intellectual base is algorithmically and temporally identified by emergent research-front terms, (b) the value of a co-citation cluster is explicitly interpreted in terms of research-front concepts, and (c) visually prominent and algorithmically detected pivotal points substantially reduce the complexity of a visualized network. The modeling and visualization process is implemented in CiteSpace II, a Java application, and applied to the analysis of two research fields: mass extinction (1981–2004) and terrorism (1990–2003). Prominent trends and pivotal points in visualized networks were verified in collaboration with domain experts, who are the authors of pivotal-point articles. Practical implications of the work are discussed. A number of challenges and opportunities for future studies are identified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Guest Editor's Introduction: Model-Driven Engineering

Abstract: Model-driven engineering technologies offer a promising approach to address the inability of third-generation languages to alleviate the complexity of platforms and express domain concepts effectively.

Domain Adaptation with Structural Correspondence Learning

Abstract: Discriminative learning methods are widely used in natural language processing. These methods work best when their training and test data are drawn from the same distribution. For many NLP tasks, however, we are confronted with new domains in which labeled data is scarce or non-existent. In such cases, we seek to adapt existing models from a resource-rich source domain to a resource-poor target domain. We introduce structural correspondence learning to automatically induce correspondences among features from different domains. We test our technique on part of speech tagging and show performance gains for varying amounts of source and target training data, as well as improvements in target domain parsing accuracy using our improved tagger.

SMART 5: domains in the context of genomes and networks.

Abstract: The Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) is an online resource (http://smart.embl.de/) used for protein domain identification and the analysis of protein domain architectures. Many new features were implemented to make SMART more accessible to scientists from different fields. The new 'Genomic' mode in SMART makes it easy to analyze domain architectures in completely sequenced genomes. Domain annotation has been updated with a detailed taxonomic breakdown and a prediction of the catalytic activity for 50 SMART domains is now available, based on the presence of essential amino acids. Furthermore, intrinsically disordered protein regions can be identified and displayed. The network context is now displayed in the results page for more than 350 000 proteins, enabling easy analyses of domain interactions.

Model-Driven Software Development: Technology, Engineering, Management

Abstract: Part I: Introduction. 1. Introduction. 2. MDSD - Basic Ideas and Terminology. 3. Case Study: A Typical Web Application. 4. Concept Formation. 5. Classification. Part II: Domain Architectures. 6. Metamodeling. 7. MDSD-Capable Target Architectures. 8. Building Domain Architectures. 9. Code Generation Techniques. 10. Model Transformation Techniques. 11. MDSD Tools: Roles, Architecture, Selection Criteria, and Pointers. 12. The MDA Standard. Part III: Processes and Engineering. 13. MDSD Process Building Blocks and Best Practices. 14. Testing. 15. Versioning. 16. Case Study: Embedded Component Infrastructures. 17. Case Study: An Enterprise System. Part IV: Management. 18. Decision Support. 1.9 Organizational Aspects. 20. Adoption Strategies for MDSD. References. Index.

Mobile systems and methods of supporting natural language human-machine interactions

Abstract: A mobile system is provided that includes speech-based and non-speech-based interfaces for telematics applications. The mobile system identifies and uses context, prior information, domain knowledge, and user specific profile data to achieve a natural environment for users that submit requests and/or commands in multiple domains. The invention creates, stores and uses extensive personal profile information for each user, thereby improving the reliability of determining the context and presenting the expected results for a particular question or command. The invention may organize domain specific behavior and information into agents, that are distributable or updateable over a wide area network.

The octagon abstract domain

Abstract: This article presents the octagon abstract domain, a relational numerical abstract domain for static analysis by abstract interpretation. It allows representing conjunctions of constraints of the form ± X ± Y ? c where X and Y range among program variables and c is a constant in ?, ?, or ? automatically inferred. Abstract elements are represented using modified Difference Bound Matrices and we use a normalization algorithm loosely based on the shortest-path closure to compute canonical representations and construct best-precision abstract transfer functions. We achieve a quadratic memory cost per abstract element and a cubic worst-case time cost per abstract operation, with respect to the number of program variables. In terms of cost and precision, our domain is in between the well-known fast but imprecise interval domain and the costly polyhedron domain. We show that it is precise enough to treat interesting examples requiring relational invariants, and hence, out of the reach of the interval domain. We also present a packing strategy that allows scaling our domain up to large programs by tuning the amount of relationality. The octagon domain was incorporated into the ASTREE industrial-strength static analyzer and was key in proving the absence of run-time errors in large critical embedded flight control software for Airbus planes.

The Will to Knowledge

Abstract: Part 1 We "other victorians". Part 2 The repressive hypothesis: the incitement to discourse the peverse implantation. Part Scientia sexualis. Part 4 The deployment of sexuality: objective method domain periodization. Part 5 Right of death and power over life.

Fully Automatic Lexicon Expansion for Domain-oriented Sentiment Analysis

Abstract: This paper proposes an unsupervised lexicon building method for the detection of polar clauses, which convey positive or negative aspects in a specific domain. The lexical entries to be acquired are called polar atoms, the minimum human-understandable syntactic structures that specify the polarity of clauses. As a clue to obtain candidate polar atoms, we use context coherency, the tendency for same polarities to appear successively in contexts. Using the overall density and precision of coherency in the corpus, the statistical estimation picks up appropriate polar atoms among candidates, without any manual tuning of the threshold values. The experimental results show that the precision of polarity assignment with the automatically acquired lexicon was 94% on average, and our method is robust for corpora in diverse domains and for the size of the initial lexicon.

3D distance fields: a survey of techniques and applications

Abstract: A distance field is a representation where, at each point within the field, we know the distance from that point to the closest point on any object within the domain. In addition to distance, other properties may be derived from the distance field, such as the direction to the surface, and when the distance field is signed, we may also determine if the point is internal or external to objects within the domain. The distance field has been found to be a useful construction within the areas of computer vision, physics, and computer graphics. This paper serves as an exposition of methods for the production of distance fields, and a review of alternative representations and applications of distance fields. In the course of this paper, we present various methods from all three of the above areas, and we answer pertinent questions such as How accurate are these methods compared to each other? How simple are they to implement?, and What is the complexity and runtime of such methods?.

Oscillatory dependence of current-driven magnetic domain wall motion on current pulse length

Abstract: Several decades ago computers used devices called magnetic bubble memories, in which information was stored in small magnetized areas defined by domain walls. The domain walls, where the magnetization changes its direction, were moved by magnetic fields. This otherwise attractive technology had problems with reliability and scaling and gradually fell out of favour. Today an entirely new way of moving domain walls, using short pulses of electrical current, could make bubble memory devices feasible at the nanoscale. Thomas et al. use this technique to move domain walls in ferromagnetic wires on very short timescales, by applying nanosecond-long pulses. They also observe an intriguing 'boomerang' effect, where the domain walls are driven out of their confining potential, in the opposite direction to the current pulse. Experiments show that domain walls in ferromagnetic wires can be moved on very short timescales, by applying nanosecond-long pulses, and also detail a so-called 'boomerang' effect, where the domain walls are driven out of their confining potential, in the opposite direction of the current pulse. Magnetic domain walls, in which the magnetization direction varies continuously from one direction to another, have long been objects of considerable interest1. New concepts for devices based on such domain walls are made possible by the direct manipulation of the walls using spin-polarized electrical current2,3 through the phenomenon of spin momentum transfer4,5. Most experiments to date have considered the current-driven motion of domain walls under quasi-static conditions6,7,8,9,10,11,12, whereas for technological applications, the walls must be moved on much shorter timescales. Here we show that the motion of domain walls under nanosecond-long current pulses is surprisingly sensitive to the pulse length. In particular, we find that the probability of dislodging a domain wall, confined to a pinning site in a permalloy nanowire, oscillates with the length of the current pulse, with a period of just a few nanoseconds. Using an analytical model13,14,15,16,17 and micromagnetic simulations, we show that this behaviour is connected to a current-induced oscillatory motion of the domain wall. The period is determined by the wall's mass18 and the slope of the confining potential. When the current is turned off during phases of the domain wall motion when it has enough momentum, the domain wall is driven out of the confining potential in the opposite direction to the flow of spin angular momentum. This dynamic amplification effect could be exploited in magnetic nanodevices based on domain wall motion.

Method and apparatus for building an intelligent automated assistant

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for building an intelligent automated assistant. Embodiments of the present invention rely on the concept of “active ontologies” (e.g., execution environments constructed in an ontology-like manner) to build and run applications for use by intelligent automated assistants. In one specific embodiment, a method for building an automated assistant includes interfacing a service-oriented architecture that includes a plurality of remote services to an active ontology, where the active ontology includes at least one active processing element that models a domain. At least one of the remote services is then registered for use in the domain.

Process models representing knowledge for action: a revised quality framework

Abstract: A semiotic framework for evaluating the quality of conceptual models was proposed by (Lindland OI, Sindre G and Solvberg A (1994) Understanding Quality in Conceptual Modelling, IEEE Software 11(2), 41-49) and has later been extended in several works. While the extensions have fixed some of the limitations of the initial framework, other limitations remain. In particular, the framework is too static in its view upon semantic quality, mainly considering models, not modelling activities, and comparing these models to a static domain rather than seeing the model as a facilitator for changing the domain. Also, the framework's definition of pragmatic quality is quite narrow, focusing on understanding, in line with the semiotics of Morris, while newer research in linguistics and semiotics has focused beyond mere understanding, on how the model is used and impact its interpreters. The need for a more dynamic view in the semiotic quality framework is particularly evident when considering process models, which themselves often prescribe or even enact actions in the problem domain, hence a change to the model may also change the problem domain directly. This paper discusses the quality framework in relation to active process models and suggests a revised framework based on this.

Strong and Weak Emergence

Abstract: The term ‘emergence’ often causes confusion in science and philosophy, as it is used to express at least two quite different concepts. We can label these concepts strong emergence and weak emergence. Both of these concepts are important, but it is vital to keep them separate. We can say that a high-level phenomenon is strongly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are not deducible even in principle from truths in the low-level domain. Strong emergence is the notion of emergence that is most common in philosophical discussions of emergence, and is the notion invoked by the British emergentists of the 1920s. We can say that a high-level phenomenon is weakly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phenomenon arises from the low-level domain, but truths concerning that phenomenon are unexpected given the principles governing the low-level domain. Weak emergence is the notion of emergence that is most common in recent scientific

Graphic elicitation: using research diagrams as interview stimuli

Abstract: Diagrams are effective instruments of thought and a valuable tool in conveying those thoughts to others. As such, they can be usefully employed as representations of a research domain and act as st...

Inspiration card workshops

Abstract: In this paper we start from the position that sources of inspiration play an important role in the design process albeit in a frequently intangible way. We present the Inspiration Card Workshop as a collaborative method for combining findings from domain studies, represented in Domain Cards, with sources of inspiration from applications of technology, represented in Technology Cards, to create new concepts for design. We report our findings from three projects in which we have used the method and argue that the use of Inspiration Cards can successfully frame and guide workshops with disparate participants and bring various sources of inspiration into the design process. We furthermore compare the method to four related methods in the design process, namely Future Workshops, Metaphorical Design, Interaction Relabelling and Lateral Thinking.

Developing an engineering shape benchmark for CAD models

Abstract: Three-dimensional shape retrieval is a problem of current interest in several different fields, especially in the mechanical engineering domain. There exists a large body of work in developing representations for 3D shapes. However, there has been limited work done in developing domain-dependent benchmark databases for 3D shape searching. We propose a benchmark database for evaluating shape-based search methods relevant to the mechanical engineering domain. Twelve different shape descriptors belonging to three categories, namely: (1) feature vector-based, (2) histogram-based, and (3) view-based, are compared using the benchmark database. The main contributions of this paper are the development of a new engineering shape benchmark and an understanding of the effectiveness of different shape representations for classes of engineering parts. Overall, it was found that view-based representations yielded better retrieval results for a majority of shape classes, while no single method performed best for all shape categories.

Development and applications of holonic manufacturing systems: A survey

Abstract: This paper surveys the literature in the holonic manufacturing systems area in an attempt to bring together the key issues in the development and applications of holonic systems. A brief introduction presents the characteristics of today’s manufacturing environment and the requirements for next generation manufacturing systems. Then, starting with considerations about the origins of the holonic concept and its first applications in manufacturing, the paper presents the advances made in applying the holonic concept to manufacturing systems area. Several considerations for the development of holonic manufacturing systems and specific holonic system requirements are discussed. As holonic concept is considered a solution for next generation manufacturing systems, there is a significant number of applications and implementations of the holonic concept in manufacturing systems domain. The most important and relevant approaches developed so far are presented. Finally, a short conclusion and future research directions in the area are provided

STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases, Version 4.0, User’s Guide

Abstract: This guide describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation and execution of the STOMP (Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases) simulator, a scientific tool for analyzing single and multiple phase subsurface flow and transport. A description of the simulator’s governing equations, constitutive functions and numerical solution algorithms are provided in a companion theory guide. In writing these guides for the STOMP simulator, the authors have assumed that the reader comprehends concepts and theories associated with multiple-phase hydrology, heat transfer, thermodynamics, radioactive chain decay, and relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure constitutive relations. The authors further assume that the reader is familiar with the computing environment on which they plan to compile and execute the STOMP simulator. Source codes for the sequential versions of the simulator are available in pure FORTRAN 77 or mixed FORTRAN 77/90 forms. The pure FORTRAN 77 source code form requires a parameters file to define the memory requirements for the array elements. The mixed FORTRAN 77/90 form of the source code uses dynamic memory allocation to define memory requirements, based on a FORTRAN 90 preprocessor STEP, that reads the input files. The simulator utilizes a variable source code configuration, which allows the execution memory and speed to be tailored to the problem specifics, and essentially requires that the source code be assembled and compiled through a software maintenance utility. The memory requirements for executing the simulator are dependent on the complexity of physical system to be modeled and the size and dimensionality of the computational domain. Likewise execution speed depends on the problem complexity, size and dimensionality of the computational domain, and computer performance. Selected operational modes of the STOMP simulator are available for scalable execution on multiple processor (i.e., parallel) computers. These versions of the simulator are written in pure FORTRAN 90 with imbedded directives that are interpreted by a FORTRAN preprocessor. Without the preprocessor, the scalable version of the simulator can be executed sequentially on a single processor computer. The scalable versions of the STOMP modes carry the “-Sc” designator on the operational mode name. For example, STOMP-WCS-Sc is the scalable version of the STOMP-WCS (Water-CO2-Salt) mode. A separate mode containing an evaporation model as a boundary condition on the upper surface of the computation domain has also been included. This mode, STOMP-WAE-B (Water-Air-Energy-Barriers) can be viewed as an extension of the STOMP-WAE (Water-Air-Energy) mode. Details of this particular mode are outlined by Ward et al. (2005)(a). STOMP V4.0 includes the reactive transport module ECKEChem (Equilibrium-Conservation-Kinetic Equation Chemistry) for the STOMP-W (Water) and STOMP-WCS (Water-CO2-Salt) modes. For this particular module, the “-R” designator is included in the operational mode name (e.g., STOMP-W-R, STOMP-WCS-R-Sc). This mode is described in detail by White and McGrail (2005)(b). For all operational modes and processor implementations, the memory requirements for executing the simulator are dependent on the complexity of physical system to be modeled and the size and dimensionality of the computational domain. Likewise execution speed depends on the problem complexity, size and dimensionality of the computational domain, and computer performance. Additional information about the simulator can be found on the STOMP webpage: http://stomp.pnl.gov. The website includes an introductory short course with problems ranging from simple one-dimensional saturated flow to complex multiphase system computations.

Cellulosic-based interference domain for an analyte sensor

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to devices for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices for measurement of glucose in a host that incorporate a cellulosic-based interference domain.

Using Domain Ontology as Domain Knowledge for Requirements Elicitation

Abstract: Domain knowledge is one of crucial factors to get a great success in requirements elicitation of high quality, and only domain experts, not requirements analysts, have it. We propose a new requirements elicitation method ORE (Ontology based Requirements Elicitation), where a domain ontology can be used as domain knowledge. In our method, a domain ontology plays a role on semantic domain which gives meanings to requirements statements by using a semantic function. By using inference rules on the ontology and a quality metrics on the semantic function, an analyst can be navigated which requirements should be added for improving completeness of the current version of the requirements and/or which requirements should be deleted from the current version for keeping consistency. We define this process as a method and evaluate it by an experimental case study of software music players.

Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains in E-Mail, Version 1

Abstract: E-mail on the Internet can be forged in a number of ways. In particular, existing protocols place no restriction on what a sending host can use as the reverse-path of a message or the domain given on the SMTP HELO/EHLO commands. This document describes version 1 of the ender Policy Framework (SPF) protocol, whereby a domain may explicitly authorize the hosts that are allowed to use its domain name, and a receiving host may check such authorization. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

Infrastructure for engineered emergence on sensor/actuator networks

Abstract: The study of self-organizing systems has now reached the tool-building phase, in which a new discipline of self-managing systems engineering can begin to emerge. The next step is to refine the principles of self-organization into a system of composable parts suitable for engineering - much as components such as capacitors, transistors, and resistors capture electromagnetism principles for electronic engineering. We've begun the process of transforming the science into an engineering discipline in the domain of sensor/actuator network applications, observing that in many applications the deployed network approximates a physical space and that the space, rather than the network, is being programmed. This observation lets us use the amorphous medium abstraction to decouple self-management problems. So, global behavior descriptions in our Proto language can be compiled automatically into locally executed code that produces emergent phenomena matching the global description. We've experimentally verified our code both in simulation and (for small programs) on a network of sensor/actuator nodes called Mica2 motes.

Defining key concepts for collaboration Engineering

Abstract: Collaboration Engineering (CE) is an approach to designing collaborative work practices for high-value recurring tasks, and deploying those designs for practitioners to execute for themselves without ongoing support from professional facilitators. CE is a fast-moving field of research and practice that has not yet reached maturity. A growing community of researchers is actively contributing to the CE literature. To establish common language among CE researchers in, and to focus the research efforts in this domain, this paper documents the current definitions of key concepts in the CE domain. This paper also examines the scope of CE as a domain of research and practice.

Kinetics of ferroelectric domains: Application of general approach to LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

Abstract: We review the most interesting aspects of the domain structure kinetics in ferroelectrics important for “domain engineering” and discuss them in the framework of a unified nucleation approach. In our approach the nucleation rate is determined by the local value of electric field produced not only by bound charges and voltage applied to the electrodes, but also by screening charges. As a result, any kinetically produced domain pattern, even being far from the equilibrium, can be stabilized by bulk screening. The domain evolution represents a self-organizing process in which the screening of polarization plays the role of feedback. The general approach was applied for the description of the domain kinetics in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate as the most versatile materials for applications. The revealed original scenarios of the domain structure evolution are attributed to the retardation of the screening processes. The decisive role of screening effectiveness for shapes of individual domains and scenarios of the sideways domain wall motion is demonstrated both experimentally and by computer simulation. The possibility to produce a self-assembled nano-scale domain structures with controlled periods has been shown.

The left hand of brightness: past, present and future of negative index materials.

Abstract: Recent advances have brought negative index materials and their fascinating properties from their theoretical origins into the domain of experimental physics and device engineering.

Systems and methods for facilitating distributed authentication

Abstract: A method for facilitating distributed authentication includes the step of requesting, by a user of a client machine residing in a first domain, access to a resource residing in a second domain. The client machine authenticates the user to an intermediate machine. The intermediate machine impersonates the client machine. The intermediate machine impersonating the client machine requests access to the second domain from a domain controller residing in the second domain. The domain controller authorizes the requested access, responsive to a determination that the impersonated client machine is trusted for delegation. The domain controller transmits to an application server residing in the second domain, authentication data associated with the impersonated client machine. The application server transmits, to the intermediate machine, a launch ticket uniquely identifying a logon token. The client machine provides, to the application server, the launch ticket to access the resource residing in the second domain.

System and method for cross-domain social networking

Abstract: Social networking systems and processes include cross-domain functionality. Requests for access to websites coupled to an authentication system may be received. Whether a user is logged on to the authentication system may be automatically detected. The authentication system may allow a user to be logged on to a second website coupled to the authentication system on a different domain when the user is logged on to the first website. A webpage may be presented that allows a user to log on if the user is not logged on. At least a portion of a webpage may be based on user information.

SCOPPI: a structural classification of protein-protein interfaces.

Abstract: SCOPPI, the structural classification of protein-protein interfaces, is a comprehensive database that classifies and annotates domain interactions derived from all known protein structures. SCOPPI applies SCOP domain definitions and a distance criterion to determine inter-domain interfaces. Using a novel method based on multiple sequence and structural alignments of SCOP families, SCOPPI presents a comprehensive geometrical classification of domain interfaces. Various interface characteristics such as number, type and position of interacting amino acids, conservation, interface size, and permanent or transient nature of the interaction are further provided. Proteins in SCOPPI are annotated with Gene Ontology terms, and the ontology can be used to quickly browse SCOPPI. Screenshots are available for every interface and its participating domains. Here, we describe contents and features of the web-based user interface as well as the underlying methods used to generate SCOPPI's data. In addition, we present a number of examples where SCOPPI becomes a useful tool to analyze viral mimicry of human interface binding sites, gene fusion events, conservation of interface residues and diversity of interface localizations. SCOPPI is available at http://www.scoppi.org.