Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 2003"

Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Control Processes in Memory

Abstract: A central role for control processes in long-term memory is apparent when one considers that there is far more information available in memory than can be accessed at any single moment ([Tulving and Pearlstone, 1966][1]; [Koriat, 2000][2]). Much as selective attention operates to focus processing on

"Fine-to-Coarse" Route Planning and Navigation in Regionalized Environments

Abstract: Environments that are divided into regions lead to hierarchical encoding of space. Such memory structures are known to systematically distort estimates of distance and direction and affect spatial priming and memory recall. Here we present two navigation experiments in virtual environments that reveal an influence of environmental regions on human route planning and navigation behaviour. Following the hierarchical theories of spatial representations, it is argued that environmental regions are explicitly represented in spatial memory and that human route planning takes into account region-connectivity and is not based on place-connectivity alone. We also propose a fine-to-coarse planning heuristic that could account for the empirical data by planning in a representation that uses fine-space information for close locations and coarse-space information for distant locations simultaneously.

The effects of divided attention at encoding on item and associative memory

Abstract: Divided attention at encoding is well known to have adverse effects on episodic memory performance (e.g., Naveh-Benjamin & Greg, 2000). This article attempts to determine whether these effects are a result of the interruption of encoding of associative information among the components of an episode. Five experiments, using different types of episodes and episodes components, were conducted. Participants studied information under either full or divided attention and were then tested on their memory for both the episodes’ components and the associations between them. Divided attention did not produce a differential deficit in memory for associative information; memory for the components suffered to the same degree as memory for the associations among the components. The cause of the divided-attention effect at encoding lies somewhere other than in the associative processes that are engaged.

Auditory feedback and memory for music performance: sound evidence for an encoding effect

Abstract: Research on the effects of context and task on learning and memory has included approaches that emphasize processes during learning (e.g., Craik & Tulving, 1975) and approaches that emphasize a match of conditions during learning with conditions during a later test of memory (e.g., Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977; Proteau, 1992; Tulving & Thomson, 1973). We investigated the effects of auditory context on learning and retrieval in three experiments on memorized music performance (a form of serial recall). Auditory feedback (presence or absence) was manipulated while pianists learned musical pieces from notation and when they later played the pieces from memory. Auditory feedback during learning significantly improved later recall. However, auditory feedback at test did not significantly affect recall, nor was there an interaction between conditions at learning and test. Auditory feedback in music performance appears to be a contextual factor that affects learning but is relatively independent of retrieval conditions.

Object-load and feature-load modulate EEG in a short-term memory task

Abstract: Behavioral studies have indicated that multiple features of one object can be stored in working memory without additional costs. In contrast, visual search experiments revealed that search for a multi-featured object takes more time than for a single-featured object. We used EEG to differentiate the effect of object-load and feature-load in a short-term memory task. We independently varied the amount of objects and features that had to be memorized. Object-load modulated P3 amplitude during encoding and induced 10 Hz oscillations during the retention interval. Feature-load modulated the P3 during retrieval. Thus, only object-load seemed to influence encoding and retention while feature-load played a crucial role during retrieval. Our results demonstrate that object-load and feature-load influence short-term memory at different stages.

Image encoding device, image decoding device, image encoding method, image decoding method, image encoding program, and image decoding program

Abstract: In a variable length encoding unit (16), CBP is input as an input symbol (H1) to a variable length code output unit (30). Moreover, CBP in the surrounding block is input as encoding map table reference information (H2) from an encoding symbol memory (31) to a encoding map table providing unit (32). According to the CBP in the surrounding block, an encoding map table to be used for encoding the CBP is decided in the encoding map table providing unit (32) and the encoding map table (H4) is provided to the variable length code output unit (30). Moreover, a variable length encoding table (H5) is input from a variable length encoding table providing unit (33) to the variable length code output unit (30). The CBP as an object to be encoded is encoded with a variable length and output as encoded data (D9). Thus, it is possible to effectively perform information source encoding of an encoding symbol according to the encoding condition and the image quality.

Constant bitrate media encoding techniques

Abstract: CBR control strategies provide constant or relatively constant bitrate output with variable quality. The control strategies include various techniques and tools, which can be used in combination or independently. For example, an audio encoder uses a trellis in two-pass or delayed-decision CBR encoding. The trellis nodes are states derived by quantizing buffer fullness values. The transitions between nodes of a previous stage and nodes of a current stage depend on encoding a current chunk of audio at different quality levels. When pruning the trellis, the encoder uses a cost function that considers smoothness in quality as well as quality in absolute terms. The encoder may store compressed data at different quality levels, then output the compressed data after simplification of the trellis to a suitable point. If the two-pass or delayed-decision CBR encoding fails, the encoder uses one-pass CBR encoding for the sequence or part of the sequence.

Strategy-dependent changes in memory: Effects on behavior and brain activity

Abstract: In the present study, an implicit strategy manipulation was used to explore the contribution of memory strategy to brain activation and behavioral performance. Participants were biased to use either a shortterm (maintenance-focused) or long-term (retrieval-focused) memory strategy within a single memory task through manipulation of task context. In comparing directly matched trials across the different task contexts, we observed clear changes in both behavioral performance and brain activity across a network of regions located primarily within lateral and medial frontal cortex. These effects of the memory strategy manipulation suggest that when a retrieval-focused strategy is induced, mnemonic processes are preferentially engaged during the encoding period. In contrast, when a maintenance-focused strategy is induced, mnemonic processes are preferentially engaged during the delay and response periods. Taken together, the results imply that covert cognitive strategies play an important role in modulating brain activation and behavior during memory tasks.

Coding device and method, decoding device and method, recording medium, and program

Abstract: The present invention relates to, for example, an encoding apparatus and an encoding method, a decoding apparatus and a decoding method, a recording medium, and a program suitable for encoding image signals with a higher compression ratio for transmission or accumulation. In an arithmetic coding section (58), from among the syntax elements of input image compression information, the frame/field flag is first encoded by a frame/field flag context model (91). When the macroblock to be processed is subjected to frame-based encoding, a frame-based context model (92), specified in the current H.26L standard, is applied. On the other hand, when the macroblock to be processed is subjected to field-based encoding, a field-based context model (94) is applied for the syntax elements described below. The present invention is applied to an encoder for encoding image information and a decoder for decoding image information.

Efficient system and method for updating a memory device

Abstract: A system and method for updating a binary image stored across a block-structured memory device, such as a flash memory device. From comparison of original and new images, an update package is generated which includes an encoded instruction set comprising COPY and ADD operations instructing the copying of source data from locations in the memory device and adding other data provided in the update package. The instruction set comprises SETBLOCK operations that direct updating of the memory blocks in an order that optimizes the COPY and ADD operations required and resulting update package size. The instruction set further comprises SETCOPYOFFSET operations to toggle between copy-offset modes thereby allowing for improved efficient encoding of COPY operations. The update package further includes an array of status bits corresponding to the memory blocks to be updated, thereby allowing for reliable restarting of the update process following power loss or other interruption.

Video encoding method and apparatus

Abstract: A video encoding method includes subjecting an input video signal to prediction processing according to a plurality of encoding modes to generate an syntax element for each of the encoding modes, accumulating the number of bits of intermediate binary representation of values of the syntax element before subjecting the syntax element to arithmetic encoding for each of the encoding modes, selecting one encoding mode from the plurality of encoding modes based on the number of bits, and subjecting the syntax element corresponding to the selected encoding mode to the arithmetic encoding.

Image processing apparatus, control method of the same, computer program, and computer-readable storage medium

Abstract: This invention reliably encodes an image while continuously inputting the image with a relatively simple configuration. For this purpose, in this invention, input image data is encoded by an encoder ( 102 ) and stored in first and second memories. An encoding sequence controller ( 108 ) monitors the code amount. Upon determining that the code amount has reached a set value, the encoding sequence controller discards the data in the first memory and instructs the encoder ( 102 ) to increase the quantization step and continue encoding. Preceding encoded data is stored in the second memory. The encoded data is re-encoded by a re-encoder ( 109 ) using the same quantization step as that of the encoder ( 102 ) after the parameter is changed. The re-encoded data is stored in the first and second memories. The quantization steps set in the encoder ( 102 ) and re-encoder ( 109 ) at this time have such values that re-encoding by the re-encoder ( 109 ) is ended before time when the code amount reaches the set value again.

Memory encoding by theta phase precession in the hippocampal network

Abstract: Recent experimental evidence on spike-timing-dependent plasticity and on phase precession (i.e., the theta rhythm dependent firing of rat hippocampal cells) associates the contribution of phase precession to episodic memory. This article aims at clarifying the role of phase precession in memory storage. Computer simulations show that the memory storage in the behavioral timescale varies in timescale of the temporal sequence from half a second to several seconds. In contrast, the memory storage caused by traditional rate coding is restricted to the temporal sequence within 40 ms. During phase precession, memory storage of a single trial experience is possible, even in the presence of noise. It is therefore concluded that encoding by phase precession is appropriate for memory storage of the temporal sequence in the behavioral timescale.

LDPC codes for compression of multi-terminal sources with hidden Markov correlation

Abstract: We propose the use of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for compression of memory correlated binary sources. The correlation model between the sources is defined by a hidden Markov model. The resulting performance is close to the theoretical Slepian-Wolf (1973) limit. No information about the sources statistics is required in the encoding process.

Apparatus and method of encoding/decoding a coded block pattern

Abstract: The present invention selectively applies one of VLC tables stored in a memory for encoding a coded block pattern of a macroblock according to the number of blocks having an object within the macroblock, the number of blocks obtained using shape information, thereby reducing the amount of data transmitted and increasing coding efficiency. The present invention also selectively applies one of VLD tables stored in a memory for decoding a coded block pattern of a macroblock according to the number of blocks having an object within the macroblock, the number of blocks obtained using shape information.

Memory organization of action events and its relationship to memory performance.

Abstract: Previous research yielded inconsistent results regarding the memory organization of self-performed actions. The authors propose that task performance changes the very basis of memory organization. Enactment during study and test (Experiment 1) yielded stronger enactive clustering (based on motor-movement similarities), whereas verbal encoding yielded stronger conceptual clustering (based on semantic-episodic similarities). Enactment enhanced memory quantity and memory accuracy. Both measures increased with enactive clustering under self-performance instructions but with conceptual clustering under verbal instructions. Enactment only during study (Experiment 2) or only during testing (Experiment 3) also enhanced enactive clustering. It is proposed that different conditions affect the relative salience of different types of memory organization and their relative contribution to recall.

The effect of irrelevant visual input on working memory for sign language.

Abstract: We report results showing that working memory for American Sign Language (ASL) is sensitive to irrelevant signed input (and other structured visual input) in a manner similar to the effects of irrelevant auditory input on working memory for speech. Deaf signers were disrupted on serial recall of lists of ASL signs when either pseudosigns or moving shapes were presented during a retention interval. Hearing subjects asked to recall lists of printed English words did not show disruption under the same interference conditions. The results favor models that hypothesize modality-specific representations of language within working memory, as opposed to amodal representations. The results further indicate that working memory for sign language involves visual or quasi-visual representations, suggesting parallels to visuospatial working memory.

Attention, accessibility, and the addressee: The case of the Jahai demonstrative ton

Abstract: The detailed semantic encoding of demonstrative systems of the world’s languages has come under increased scrutiny in recent years. One important finding is that spatial (notably distance) encoding, normally considered to lie at the heart of exophoric demonstrative semantics, may be rivalled as to its ‘basicness’ by more discourse-related forms of encoding, such as the status of the addressee’s attention in relation to the referent. This paper investigates the attentional characteristics of ton , a nominal demonstrative in Jahai (Mon-Khmer, Malay Peninsula) previously considered to encode spatial proximity to addressee. It does so in light of naturalistic interaction data from a specific object-identification task originally aimed at eliciting shapeencoding distinctions (Seifart 2003).

Memory system and method for use in trellis-based decoding

Abstract: Systems and modules for use in trellis-based decoding of encoded sets of data bits. A memory system has multiple arrays for storing an index for each one of multiple states. With each array element being associated with a state through which a decoding path may pass through, the contents of each array element is an index which points to an immediately preceding state. This immediately preceding state is represented by another array element in another array. Each array is populated with array element entries as encoded data set are received by a separate decoder which generates the indices. For every given number of arrays in a group, a trace-back process traces back the path followed by an encoding procedure for encoding the encoded set. By tracing back this path through the various arrays, the original unencoded set of data bits can be found.

Method and apparatus for encoding and/or decoding digital data using bandwidth extension technology

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for encoding and decoding digital data using a bandwidth extension technology The method includes: bandwidth-extension-encoding the digital data, outputting bandwidth-limited data, and generating bandwidth extension information; encoding the bandwidth-limited data into a hierarchical structure having a base layer and at least one enhancement layer so as to control a bit rate; and multiplexing the encoded bandwidth-limited data and the bandwidth extension information

Data encoding device and data decoding device

Abstract: A data encoding device and a data decoding device. A data encoding device refers to first and second encoding tables to search for a code word correlated with encoding data. One of the code words is selected according to predetermined criteria. When the selected code word requires additional information, additional information is generated. A data decoding device refers to the first and second encoding tables and retrieves a data element from at least one of the tables. When additional information is available, original data is calculated based on the data element and the additional information. When additional information is not available, the retrieved data element is output without modification as original data.

Adaptive encoding of digital multimedia information

Abstract: Adaptive encoding of digital multimedia information may be performed by measuring link parameters, such as a received signal strength, a bit error rate, or a rate of received acknowledgement signals, in order to determine an available transmission rate. A maximum encoding rate may then be determined based on the available transmission rate by, for example, dividing the available transmission rate by an overhead factor. If the encoding rate of the digital multimedia information exceeds the calculated maximum encoding rate, adaptive encoding of the digital multimedia information may be performed in order to conform the encoding rate of the digital multimedia information to the calculated maximum encoding rate. This process may involve compressing selected frames within a frame sequence, deleting high frequency components within selected frames, deleting I-frame components within selected frames, or mapping values within selected frames to corresponding values having coarser quantization.

Categorical-relational and order-relational information in memory for subject-performed and experimenter-performed actions.

Abstract: Memory for self-performed tasks (SPTs) is better than memory for experimenter-performed tasks (EPTs). In short unrelated lists of actions this effect occurs if the encoding condition is manipulated within subjects. In a between-subjects design, the enactment effect disappears (J. Engelkamp & D. Dehn, 2000; J. Engelkamp & H. D. Zimmer, 1997). These findings were explained by the item-order hypothesis, which claims that encoding order information depends on the type of encoding and design. The authors demonstrate that this differential encoding of order information in EPTs and SPTs is not effective in free recall if categorized lists are used. The use of categorized lists makes the interaction of type of encoding and design in free recall of short lists disappear, and the enactment effect reappears independent of the type of design.

Variable-length encoding method, variable-length decoding method, storage medium, variable-length encoding device, variable-length decoding device, and bit stream

Abstract: The present invention correctly decodes data encoded with a variable-length encoding method that improves the compression ratio. The variable-length encoding method encodes a unit data composed of a plurality of sub-data while referencing a parameter table, and includes: an initialization step in which the parameter table is set to initial values; a parameter table information encoding step in which information related to the initialized parameter table is encoded; a parameter obtaining step in which encoding parameters to be used in the encoding of sub-data are obtained from the parameter table; a sub-data encoding step in which variable-length encoding of the sub-data is performed with reference to the obtained encoding parameters; and an encoded information placement step in which the encoded information is placed in a position in which the information can be obtained before the encoded unit data.

Content addressable memory with error signaling

Abstract: A content addressable memory (CAM) device including a CAM array, encoding circuit, address circuit and error checking circuit. The encoding circuit generates an address value that corresponds to one of a plurality of match lines included within the CAM array. The address circuit receives the address value from the encoding circuit and enables a data word to be output from a CAM array storage location indicated by the address value. The error checking circuit receives the data word output from the storage location and determines whether the data word contains an error.

Video encoding method and video decoding method

Abstract: A video encoding method comprises selecting, from predictive modes, a predictive mode, computing a first cost of encoding based on a predictive mode, computing a second cost of encoding based on a direct mode, comparing the second cost with the first cost to determine an optimum predictive mode, and encoding the pixel block by the motion compensation predictive encoding according to the optimum predictive mode.

Energy-efficient data scrambling on memory-processor interfaces

Abstract: Crypto-processors are prone to security attacks based on the observation of their power consumption profile. We propose new techniques for increasing the non-determinism of such a profile, which rely on the idea of introducing randomness in the bus data transfers. This is achieved by combining data scrambling with energy-efficient bus encoding, thus providing high information protection at no energy cost. Results on a set of bus traces originated by real-life applications demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solution.

Variable-length encoding apparatus and method

Abstract: A variable-length encoding apparatus receives image data on a block basis, generates a plurality of syntax elements from the image data, and outputs an encoded stream by performing variable-length encoding of the syntax elements This apparatus includes a block memory unit group including at least two block memory units which store image data on a block basis, generates at least one syntax element by reading out transformation coefficients from the block memory units, independently variable-length-encodes each of syntax elements and outputs variable-length codewords, includes a variable-length code memory unit group including at least two variable-length code memory units which independently store the variable-length codewords as codeword streams, and generates one encoded stream from the respective codeword streams supplied from the variable-length code memory unit group