Showing papers on "Gene published in 1976"
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: This edition s dedicated version of W.H. Freeman s breakthrough online course space, LaunchPad, offers a number of new and enhanced interactive tools that advance IGA s core mission: to show students how to analyze experimental data and draw their own conclusions based on scientific thinking while teachingStudents how to think like geneticists.
Abstract: Genetics and the Organism PART I: TRANSMISSION GENETIC ANALYSIS: Patterns of Inheritance The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritanc e Eukaryote Chromosome Mapping by Recombination The Genetics of Bacteria and Their Viruses PART II: THE RELATIONSHIP OF DNA AND PHENOTYPE: From Gene to Phenotype Structure and Replication of DNA RNA and Transcription Proteins and Translation Regulation of Transcription PART III: GENOME STRUCTURE AND ENGINEERING: Recombinant DNA Technology Genomic Sequence Analysis Epigenetics The Dynamic Genome: Transposons and Genome Architecture PART IV: THE NATURE OF HERITABLE CHANGE: Gene Mutation and Crossing Over Large Scale Chromosomal Changes PART V: FROM GENES TO NETWORKS: Mutational Dissection Genetic Networks Cancer Developmental Genetics PART VI: THE IMPACT OF GENETIC VARIATION: Population Genetics Quantitative Genetics Evolutionary Genetics
1,378 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that the DNA of normal chicken cells contains nucleotide sequences closely related to at least a portion of the transforming gene(s) of ASV; in addition, similar sequences are widely distributed among DNA of avian species and that they have diverged roughly according to phylogenetic distances among the species.
Abstract: INFECTION of fibroblasts by avian sarcoma virus (ASV) leads to neoplastic transformation of the host cell. Genetic analyses have implicated specific viral genes in the transforming process1–4, and recent results suggest that a single viral gene is responsible4. Normal chicken cells contain DNA homologous to part of the ASV genome5–8; moreover, embryonic fibroblasts from certain strains of chickens can produce low titres of infectious type C viruses either spontaneously9 or in response to various inducing agents10. None of the viruses obtained from normal chicken cells, however, can transform fibroblasts, and results with molecular hybridisation indicate that the nucleotide sequences responsible for transformation by ASV are not part of the genetic complement of the normal cell11. We demonstrate here that the DNA of normal chicken cells contains nucleotide sequences closely related to at least a portion of the transforming gene(s) of ASV; in addition, we have found that similar sequences are widely distributed among DNA of avian species and that they have diverged roughly according to phylogenetic distances among the species. Our data are relevant to current hypotheses of the origin of the genomes of RNA tumour viruses12 and the potential role of these genomes in oncogenesis13.
1,257 citations
TL;DR: This article corrects the article on p. 116 in vol.
Abstract: [This corrects the article on p. 116 in vol. 40.].
1,051 citations
TL;DR: Recuritment of enzymes for new pathways did not necessarily require the sequential and backwardly evolving progression of evolutionary steps required by the hypothesis of retrograde evolution of biochemical pathways.
Abstract: Ancient cells must have possessed small gene content. Primitive enzymes may have possessed broad specificity and undeveloped regulation mechanisms. The considerable substrate ambiguity of these enzymes resulted in the formation of minor amounts of erroneous products. Fortuitous formation of metabolites offered ancient cells maximum biochemical flexibility with minimal gene content. Gene duplication provided the opportunity for increased gene content and increased specialization of the diverging enzymes, the substrate specialization being further reinforced by the development of regualtory mechanisms. Recuritment of enzymes for new pathways did not necessarily require the sequential and backwardly evolving progression of evolutionary steps required by the hypothesis of retrograde evolution of biochemical pathways. Substrate ambiguity remains a conspicuous feature of many contemporary proteins, and evolutionary exploitation of substrate ambiguity in a variety of organisms is still apparent.
1,021 citations
TL;DR: Starting with a clone converting to adipose cells with a vary low frequency, it has been possible, by serial selection, to generate subclones which convert with a high frequency, due to spontaneous heritable changes affecting susceptibility to the adipose conversion.
798 citations
TL;DR: The complete, primary chemical structure of a viral genome has now been established and biological properties, such as ribosome binding and codon interactions can now be discussed on a molecular basis.
Abstract: Bacteriophage MS2 RNA is 3,569 nucleotides long. The nucleotide sequence has been established for the third and last gene, which codes for the replicase protein. A secondary structure model has also been proposed. Biological properties, such as ribosome binding and codon interactions can now be discussed on a molecular basis. As the sequences for the other regions of this RNA have been published already, the complete, primary chemical structure of a viral genome has now been established.
698 citations
TL;DR: The results were interpreted to mean that the Vk and Ck genes are joined to form a contiguous polynucleotide stretch during differentiation of lymphocytes, which occurs in both of the homologous chromosomes.
Abstract: A high-molecular-weight DNA from Balb/c mouse early embryo or from MOPC 321 plasmacytoma (a k-chain producer) was digested to completion with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H restriction enzyme (BamH I). The resulting DNA fragments were fractionated according to size in preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments carrying gene sequences coding for the variable or constant region of k chains were detected by hybridization with purified, 125I-labeled, whole MOPC 321 K MRNA and with its 3'-end half. The pattern of hybridization was completely different in the genomes of embryo cells and of the plasmacytoma. The pattern of embryo DNA showed two components, one of which (molecular weight=6.0 million) hybridized with C-gene sequences and the other (molecular weight=3.9 million) with V-gene sequences. The pattern of the tumor DNA showed a single component that hybridized with both V-gene and C-gene sequences and that is smaller (molecular weight=2.4 million) than either of the components in embryo DNA. The results were interpreted to mean that the Vk and Ck genes, which are some distance away from each other in the embryo cells, are joined to form a contiguous polynucleotide stretch during differentiation of lymphocytes. Such joining occurs in both of the homologous chromosomes. Relevance of these findings with respect to models for V-C gene joining, activation of a specific V k gene, and allelic exclusion in immunoglobulin gene loci is discussed.
677 citations
TL;DR: It is shown here how Receptor Aggregation to Mimic DNA Binding and Dose·Response Relationships and the Detection of the Primary Response are related to Biologically Specific and Nonspecific Interactions.
Abstract: PROKARYOTIC ANALOGS FOR STEROID RECEPTOR ACTION 723 Selective Promotor Activation by DNA-Binding Factors 723 Specific Antiterminator Effects 724 Gene Regulation by Protein Factors Bound to RNA Polymerase 724 DNA-Binding Specificities of Prokaryotic Gene Regulators 725 DNA· BINDING STUDIES ON STEROID RECEPTORS 726 Ability of Receptor Aggregation to Mimic DNA Binding 726 Methods for Quantitating Binding 726 Artifactual Saturation of DNA Binding 726 Biological Relevance of DNA Binding 727 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEROID RECEPTOR ACTION 727 Receptor·Nucleus Interaction In Vivo 727 Dose·Response Relationships 728 The Detection of the Primary Response 728 Biologically Specific and Nonspecific Interactions 730
628 citations
624 citations
TL;DR: This work aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, which aims to provide real-time information about the phytochemical properties of E. coli.
545 citations
TL;DR: The results support earlier reports that the expression of human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes is suppressed in mouse-human hybrid cells and suggest that silver staining by the Ag-AS method reflects activity of rRNA genes rather than just the presence of these genes.
TL;DR: OTHER WHEAT GENES AFFECTing PAIRING .
Abstract: OTHER WHEAT GENES AFFECTING PAIRING . . ....... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ........ ...... 37 Promoters of Pairing 37 Suppressors of Pairing 38 GENES IN OTHER SPECIES THAT AFFECT PAIRING 39 THE EFFECT OF ACCESSORY CHROMOSOMES , 40
TL;DR: The inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes differs from that of nuclear genes in showing vegetative segregation, uniparental inheritance, intracellular selection, and reduced recombination.
Abstract: Among all the areas of biological science, genetics is one of the most beautifully exact and formal in its structure. The subject is built upon a framework of precisely formulated laws of great generality, and most of those laws are firmly grounded in mechanistic explanations in terms of the behavior of cells, chromosomes, and molecules. One aspect of heredity has largely resisted such treatment: the study of organelle genes, which are located inside mitochondria or chloroplasts and consequently are inherited via the cytoplasm. The first cases of cytoplasmic inheritance, later shown to involve plastid genes, were discovered by Correns (1909) and Baur (1909) just a few years after the rediscovery of the Mendelian laws, which describe the inheritance of nuclear genes. The next 50 years saw the discovery of more instances of plastid mutants in higher plants (reviewed by Kirk and Tilney-Bassett 1967) and in algae (reviewed by Sager 1972), and the first cases of mitochondrial gene mutants (Ephrussi et al. 1949, Mitchell and Mitchell 1952). But the investigation of these phenomena lagged far behind that of the more numerous and more easily studied nuclear genes; some geneticists were reluctant to believe in the existence, let alone the importance, of genes in the cytoplasm. Then, in the early 1960's, the discovery of DNA in plastids (Chun et al. 1963, Ris and Plaut 1962, Sager and Ishida 1963) and in mitochondria (Luck and Reich 1964, Nass and Nass 1963, Schatz et al. 1964) made the study of genes in these organelles respectable, and the study of their unique DNA's has virtually become a scientific bandwagon. Nevertheless, scientists are still far from a clear
TL;DR: All rRNA loci, whether having complete or incomplete gradients, exhibit high densities of nascent transcripts per unit length, suggesting that the rate of chromatin transcription, rather than the RNA polymarase I pool size, limits rRNA synthesis on individual genes.
TL;DR: The polar effect of UV irradiation is inconsistent with independent transcription of each of the genes of VSV, suggesting that trnascription initiates at a single point on VSV RNA and proceeds in the order 3'-N-NS-M-G-(L)-5'.
Abstract: The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the expression of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was studied in a cell-free system which executed coupled transcription and translation of the viral genes. In this system, which contained detergent-activated virus and a cytoplasmic extract of mouse L-cells, three of the five viral proteins (N, NS, and M) were synthesized accurately and efficiently; a putative precursor to the viral glycoprotein (G) was also made, but synthesis of the L protein was not detected. In response to irradiation of VSV, the synthesis of each protein in the coupled system displayed a characteristic single-hit inhibition. This permitted calculation of the apparent target-sizes for expression of the different viral genes relative to the entire genome (3.6 to 4.0 X 10(6) daltons) as measured by loss of infectivity. These are: N, 0.55 X 10(6); NS, 0.83 X 10(6); M, 1.12 X 10(6); G, 1.76 X 10(6) daltons of RNA. Only the N protein gene has a target-size which corresponds to that predicted from the molecular weight of its messenger RNA (molecular weight: 0.55 X 10(6)). The target-sizes for the other three genes are two to four times larger than expected, and are not proportional to the molecular weights of their corresponding messenger RNAs (molecular weights: NS, 0.28 X 10(6); M, 0.28 X 10(6); G, 0.7 X 10(6)). The polar effect of UV irradiation is inconsistent with independent transcription of each of the genes of VSV. Rather, the target-sizes appear to be cumulative, suggesting that trnascription initiates at a single point on VSV RNA and proceeds in the order 3'-N-NS-M-G-(L)-5'.
TL;DR: By techniques of recombination in vitro, a plasmid bearing the repressor gene (cI) of bacteriophage lambda fused to the promoter of the lac operon is constructed.
Abstract: By techniques of recombination in vitro, we have constructed a plasmid bearing the repressor gene (cI) of bacteriophage lambda fused to the promoter of the lac operon. Strains carrying this plasmid overproduce lambda repressor. This functional cI gene was reconstituted by joining DNA fragments bearing different parts of that gene. Flush end fusion techniques, involving no sequence overlap, were necessary for the construction; in certain cases, the abutting of the DNA molecules bearing ends generated by different restriction endonucleases creates a sequence at the junction which is recognized by one of the restriction endonucleases.
TL;DR: The hypothesis is advanced that homoeotic genes control compartment development since homoeosis mutants transform entire developmental compartments into one another, and the property of M + M + recombinant cells to overgrow the M M + background cells was used to demonstrate the establishment of clonal restrictions during development.
TL;DR: The chiral stationary phase for E.coli is stationary and the liquid phase for T4 is liquid-phase, both of which are liquid-soluble.
Abstract: ISOLATION OF MUTATOR GENES 1 36 MUTATOR GENE PROPERTIES 137 The mutT Gene 137 The mutD Gene 139 The mutS Gene 140 The mutR Gene ..... 141 The mutL Gene 142 The uvrE (mutU) Gene 142 DNA Po/ymerases ... 143 Other .....•..• •.•.• •• • •..• •... 144 E. COLI COMPARED TO T4 145
TL;DR: It is shown that a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, which includes allotype suppressor T cells, selectively expresses I-region determinants, which are controlled by a new locus, Ia-4, which is not found on B lymphocytes.
Abstract: In an accompanying publication we show that a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, which includes allotype suppressor T cells, selectively expresses I-region determinants. In this report, we show that these determinants are controlled by a new locus, Ia-4. Unlike the classically defined Ia antigens, they are not found on B lymphocytes. Antibody against Ia-4 determinants cannot be detected by conventional dye exclusion cytoxicity assays, suggesting that they are present on a small subpopulation (less than 10%) of peripheral T lymphocytes. The Ia-4 locus marks a new I subregion, provisionally designated I-J. This chromosomal segment is defined by the crossover positions in strains B10.A(5R) (K-end boundary) and B10.HTT (D-end boundary), and maps between the I-B and I-C subregions.
TL;DR: Bacteriophage φX174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames, leading to confusion in the translation of these genes.
Abstract: Bacteriophage φX174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames.
TL;DR: Methods are described for the construction of plaque-forming, transducing derivatives of phage lambda, using appropriate receptor genomes and fragments of DNA generated by the restriction enzymes endo R.EcoRI and endoR.HindIII.
Abstract: Methods are described for the construction of plaque-forming, transducing derivatives of phage lambda, using appropriate receptor genomes and fragments of DNA generated by the restriction enzymes endo R.EcoRI and endo R.HindIII. The general properties of the transducing derivatives are described and discussed. Plaque-forming phages carrying the E. coli trp, his, cysB, thyA, supD, supE, supF, hsd, tna and lig genes have been isolated.
TL;DR: Reassociation, hybridization, and restriction endonuclease studies, as well as electrophoretic analyses, indicate that the sequential actions of reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase 1, and S1 nuclease generate full-length, double-stranded synthetic globin genes.
TL;DR: The experiments confirm the role of the engrailed gene in development of the posterior wing compartment and suggest that the postero-dorsal margin is primarily responsible for the control of shape, and that the ventral compartment is, to some extent, modeled on the dorsal.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper showed that base sequence homology among lambda-mRNAs is so high that any lambda-RNAs should cross-hybridize with all or most of the germ line V lambda genes and concluded that the number of germ line genes is too small to account for the diversity of lambda chains.
Abstract: Hybridization of lambda-mRNAs to excess liver DNA yielded results compatible with gene reiteration frequencies of three or less. Purified mRNA from tumors producing structurally different lambda chains were used in competition hybridization experiments. An unlabeled lambda-mRNA competed with another, labelled mRNA to the same extent as homologous unlabelled lambda-mRNA. Mouse DNA was digested with Eco R-I restriction endonuclease and fractionated by gel electrophoresis. A DNA fragment carrying the V lambda-gene(s) was indentified in this digest. This fragment hybridized with lambda-mRNAs coding for two different lambdaV regions equally well. These results indicate that base sequence homology among lambda-mRNAs is so high that any lambda-mRNA should cross-hybridize with all or most of germ line V lambda genes. From amino acid sequence data, it is argued that there are probably more than 25 different lambdaV regions. Hence it is concluded that the number of germ line genes is too small to account for the diversity of lambda chains.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the transforming gene(s) of all avian sarcoma viruses have closely related or common genetic lineages distinct from the transforming genes in sarcomA viruses of other species.
TL;DR: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae appears to possess a single mutagenic or "error prony" pathway for the repair of UV damage; rev1, rev2, rev3, rad6, rad8, rad9 and rad18 (Lawrence et al. 1974; present results).
Abstract: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae appears to possess a single mutagenic or "error prone" pathway for the repair of UV damage, probably involving the functions of at least seven genes; rev1, rev2, rev3 ( Lemontt 1971a), rad6, rad8, rad9 and rad18 ( Lawrence et al. 1974; present results). Strains carrying rad6 are the most sensitive to the lethal effects of UV light in this group and double mutants carrying rad6 and either rev1, rev3, rad9 or rad18 are no more sensitive than this single mutant strain. rev3 rad6 double mutant diploids failed to show any UV-induced reversion of the normally highly revertible ochre allele cyc1–9 , even though a total of more than 2.5 x 109 viable cells was examined, suggesting that strains of this kind are entirely UV-immutable; spontaneous revertants could be recovered, however.—The rad6 and rev3 gene products would appear to be necessary for all kinds of mutagenic events at all sites within the genome, but the products of the other genes that act in the "errorprone" pathway hage a more restricted role and are involved in the production of only some kinds of mutations. It is suggested that such selectivity arises from the interaction of some repair enzymes with specific nucleotide sequences.
TL;DR: From genetic experiments, it is concluded that expression of the segment of yeast DNA results in the production of a diffusible substance and that transcription necessary for the complementation is most likely initiated from the segments of eukaryotic DNA.
Abstract: We have isolated a segment of DNA from the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) as a viable molecular hybrid of bacteriophage lambda DNA which, when integrated into the chromosome of an E. coli histidine auxotroph, allows this bacterium to grow in the absence of histidine. The nonrevertable, histidine auxotroph lacks the enzymatic activity of imidazole glycerol phosphate (IGP) dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.19). From genetic experiments, we conclude that expression of the segment of yeast DNA results in the production of a diffusible substance and that transcription necessary for the complementation is most likely initiated from the segment of eukaryotic DNA.
TL;DR: Chromosomes 5A and 5D of wheat are important in determining the different responses of winter and spring varieties to vernalisation, and the similar location of these genes on homoeologous chromosomes suggests that they are duplicate loci resulting from the polyploid nature of wheat.
Abstract: Chromosomes 5A and 5D of wheat are important in determining the different responses of winter and spring varieties to vernalisation. Using single chromosome substitution lines in which chromosomes 5A and 5D of the variety Hope replace their homologues in the variety Chinese Spring, single genes having a large effect on the time to ear emergence were located distally on the long-arms of both chromosome 5A and 5D. The similar location of these genes on homoeologous chromosomes suggests that they are duplicate loci resulting from the polyploid nature of wheat. It is likely that the genes on chromosomes 5A and 5D are equivalent to Vrn1 and Vrn3 respectively, the genes for vernalisation requirement identified in other studies. Additional variation in the time to ear emergence was found in other substitution lines of chromosomes 5A and 5D. It is possible that this variation reflects multiple allelism at the Vrn1 and Vrn3 loci. Also, by comparing the ear-emergence times of these substitution lines with alien substitutions in which chromosome 5CU of Aegilops umbellulata replaces either chromosome 5A or 5D of Chinese Spring, it was possible to relate the effects of chromosome 5A to those of chromosome 5D.
TL;DR: Analysis of the segmented RNAs of influenza A viruses by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide urea slab gels has provided a method for sharper resolution of the number and migration rates of different segments, and may be possible to define which RNA segment codes for each viral protein.
Abstract: Analysis of the segmented RNAs of influenza A viruses by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide urea slab gels has provided a method for sharper resolution of the number and migration rates of different segments than previously has been possible. Using this system, the RNA genome of influenza A/WSN (HON1) virus can be separated into seven to nine separate bands, depending on whether virus is obtained after high or low multiplicity of infection, and the genome of influenza A/PR/8 (HON1) virus can be resolved into eight bands, six of which migrate differently from comparable RNA bands of WSN virus. Comparision of the RNA patterns produced by influenza A/PR/8 (HON1) and A/England/42/72 (H8n2) virus also reveals major differences in migration speeds of different bands, and analysis of the RNAs of the RNAs of an HON2 recombinant virus derived from these two strains permits the identification of RNA segments which have been derived from one particular parent. By extension of these techniques, it may be possible to define which RNA segment codes for each viral protein and to analyze recombinant strains to identify which genes have been derived from each of its parents.