Showing papers on "Glycidyl methacrylate published in 2004"
TL;DR: This work synthesized a series of photo-cross-linkable hydrogels using hyaluronic acid (HA) as the starting material and named them (HAox-g-Py)/GMA, referring to the resulting hydrogel precursors.
Abstract: Despite a well-recognized clinical need for a material to replace missing or damaged vibratory connective tissue of the vocal fold, materials have yet to be engineered specifically for this purpose. Injectable hydrogels are particularly attractive because they would require a minimally invasive surgical procedure, could fill irregular defects, and could be designed to have viscoelastic properties similar to the normal tissue. We therefore synthesized a series of photo-cross-linkable hydrogels using hyaluronic acid (HA) as the starting material. The hydrogel precursors studied included HA modified with glycidyl methacrylate (HA/GMA), HA partially oxidized by sodium periodate (HAox) followed by GMA conjugation (HAox/GMA), and HA grafted with a synthetic polymer before introduction of GMA. The synthetic polymer employed was oligomeric poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(HEMA)) with 31 mol % poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (P(DMAM)), and the resulting hydrogel precursors were referred to as (HAox-g-Py)/GMA (y%:...
195 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis of the free radical polymerization mechanism in the HFCVD PGMA deposition supporting the retention of the pendant epoxide chemical functionality and the linear polymeric structure in the deposited films is supported.
Abstract: We have demonstrated the successful deposition of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) thin films using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) with tert-butyl peroxide as the initiator. The introduction of the initiator allows for film deposition at low filament temperatures (<200 °C) and greatly improves the film deposition rates. The retention of the pendant epoxide chemical functionality and the linear polymeric structure in the deposited films were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The number-average molecular weight of the PGMA films can be systematically varied from 16 000 to 33 000 by adjusting the filament temperature and flow ratio of the initiator to the precursor. The apparent activation energies observed from PGMA deposition kinetics (100.9 ± 9.6 kJ/mol) and from molecular weight measurements (−54.8 ± 2.0 kJ/mol) are close to the calculated overall activation energies for the polymerization rate (104.4 kJ/mol) and number-average molecular weight (−5...
160 citations
TL;DR: Epoxy groups containing porous membranes were prepared by UV-initiated photopolymerisation of hydroxyethylmethacrylate and glycidyl methamphetamine to provide multipoint covalent attachment of enzymes, therefore, to stabilize their three-dimensional structure.
138 citations
TL;DR: Polymer-based strong cation-exchange monolithic capillary columns with different capacities constructed for ion chromatography by radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylated with significant changes in the selectivity and resolution were observed.
Abstract: Polymer-based strong cation-exchange monolithic capillary columns with different capacities were constructed for ion chromatography by radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate in a 250-μm-i.d. fused-silica capillary and its subsequent sulfonation based on ring opening of epoxides with 1 M Na2SO3. The cation-exchange capacities can easily and reproducibly be controlled in the range of up to 300 μequiv/mL by changing the immersion time of the epoxy-containing polymer in the Na2SO3 solution. The chromatographic performance of the produced monolithic capillary columns was evaluated through the separation of a model mixture of common cations such as Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. As an example, these cations could be well separated from one another on a 15-cm-long cation-exchange monolithic column (column volume, 7.4 μL) with a capacity of 150 μequiv/mL by elution with 10 mM CuSO4. The pressure drop of this 15-cm column was ∼1 MPa at a normal linear velocity of 1 mm/s (...
134 citations
TL;DR: Macromolecular anchoring layer approach was used for preparation of an effective macroinitiator for the synthesis of grafted polymer layers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated from the surface.
Abstract: Macromolecular anchoring layer approach was used for preparation of an effective macroinitiator for the synthesis of grafted polymer layers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated from the surface. For the initial surface modification, a thin layer of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was deposited on the surface of a silicon wafer. The ATRP macroinitiator was synthesized on the substrate surface by the reaction between epoxy groups of PGMA and carboxy functionality of bromoacetic acid (BAA). Variation of the time and temperature of the BAA deposition as well as PGMA layer thickness allowed control over the amount of BAA attached to the surface. The PGMA anchoring layer allowed the achievement of initiator surface density significantly higher than that reported for a self-assembled monolayer of ATRP initiators. Polymer brushes were synthesized on the PGMA/BAA-modified substrates by ATRP. Different surface concentrations of BAA were used in our grafting experiments to acquire knowledge ab...
133 citations
TL;DR: Several immobilization methods were explored for the preparation of high-performance affinity monolithic columns containing human serum albumin (HSA), and the greatest amount of immobilized HSA was obtained by the Schiff base method, whereas the epoxy method gave the lowest protein content.
Abstract: Several immobilization methods were explored for the preparation of high-performance affinity monolithic columns containing human serum albumin (HSA). These monoliths were based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate. In one method, the epoxy groups of this copolymer were used directly for the immobilization of HSA through its amine residues (i.e., the epoxy method); in other approaches, these epoxy groups were converted to diols for later use in the carbonyldiimidazole, disuccinimidyl carbonate, and Schiff base methods. Each HSA monolith was evaluated in terms of its total protein content and its retention of several model compounds, including (R/S)-warfarin and D/L-tryptophan. The greatest amount of immobilized HSA was obtained by the Schiff base method, whereas the epoxy method gave the lowest protein content. The Schiff base method also gave the best resolution in chiral separations of (R/S)-warfarin and D/L-tryptophan. All of the immobilization methods gave similar relative activities for HSA in its binding to (R)- and (S)-warfarin, but some differences were noted in the activity of the immobilized HSA for D- and L-tryptophan. The efficiency of these monoliths was found to be greater than that of silica-based HSA columns for (R/S)-warfarin (i.e., analytes with high retention), but little or no difference was seen for D- and L-tryptophan (analytes with weak retention).
130 citations
TL;DR: The controlled growth of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and poly(GMA-co-MMA) brushes by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in methanol/water has been demonstrated on silicon wafer surfaces as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The controlled growth of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and poly(GMA-co-MMA) brushes by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in methanol/water has been demonstrated on silicon wafer surfaces. A polymerization system using copper(I) bromide, copper(II) chloride and 2,2′-dipyridyl was found to produce a nearly linear rate of growth for times of up to 4 h, giving brushes of up to 120 nm thickness. Reinitiation of these brushes to grow further PGMA demonstrated the living nature of the polymerization system. A trichlorosilane-functional initiator was used, and it was found that brushes grown from initiator layers deposited in the presence of a small amount of triethylamine were less rough and showed more linear growth with time. The reaction of the pendant epoxide group of these brushes with octylamine from solution was demonstrated.
125 citations
TL;DR: Scanning probe microscopy revealed that the grafting process led to complete PEG layers with surface smoothness on a nanometric scale, which led to the synthesis of the complete P EG brushes possessing exceptionally high grafting density.
Abstract: This work describes studying the permanent grafting of carboxylic acid end-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG) chains of different molecular weights from the melt onto a surface employing poly(glycidyl methacrylate) ultrathin film as an anchoring layer. The grafting led to the synthesis of the complete PEG brushes possessing exceptionally high grafting density. The maximum thickness of the attached PEG films was strongly dependent on the length of the polymer chains being grafted. The maximum grafting efficiency was close to the critical entanglement molecular weight region for PEG. All grafted PEG layers were in the "brush regime", since the distance between grafting sites for the layers was lower than the end-to-end distance for the anchored macromolecules. Scanning probe microscopy revealed that the grafting process led to complete PEG layers with surface smoothness on a nanometric scale. Practically all samples were partly or fully covered with crystalline domains that disappeared when samples were scanned under water. Due to the PEG hydrophilic nature, the surface with the grafted layer exhibited a low (up to 21 degrees ) water contact angle.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a reaction product between PLA and PE-GMA, which was formed during melt-mixing and considered to act as a reactive compatibilizer, was characterized using 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
Abstract: Blends of poly(l-lactide) (PLA) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were prepared by melt mixing in order to improve the brittleness of PLA. A reactive compatibilizer with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), PE-GMA, was required as a compatibilizer due to the immiscibility between PLA and LDPE. It contributes to reduce the domain size of dispersed phase and enhance the tensile properties of PLA/LDPE blends, especially for PLA matrix blends. A reaction product between PLA and PE-GMA, which was formed during melt-mixing and considered to act as a reactive compatibilizer, was characterized using1H-NMR spectroscopy.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, several parameters which affect the nanocomposite formation in a sulfur-cured ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) containing 10 phr organoclay (montmorillonite modified with octadecylamine; MMT-ODA), were investigated.
Abstract: Several parameters which affect the nanocomposite formation in a sulfur-cured ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) containing 10 phr organoclay (montmorillonite modified with octadecylamine; MMT–ODA), were investigated. The parameters varied were linked to processing (mixer type, temperature) and rubber recipe (compatibilizer, accelerator). Increasing temperature and high shear mixing (internal mixer instead of open mill) improved the mechanical performance of the rubber nanocomposites. A more pronounced effect was achieved by using polar EPDM rubbers (maleic anhydride and glycidyl methacrylate grafted version) as compatibilizer. Among the accelerators, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate proved to be most suitable. The microstructure of the rubber/organoclay systems was studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Organoclay intercalation/exfoliation was accompanied by its more or less severe confinement (reaggregation, deintercalation). This was traced to a partial or full removal of the ODA intercalant from the clay galleries via the formation of a zinc complex in which amine groups of the ODA and sulfur participated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the hydrophobic surface of a porous polyethylene (PE)-membrane separator was modified by grafting a hydrophilic monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), by using electron beam technology, and applied to a thin film type Li-ion battery to elucidate the effect of a surface modification of a PE membrane separator on the cyclic life of Li ion batteries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the influence of thickness and molecular weight of the layer on the permanent attachment of the end-functionalized polystyrene (PS) layers by the grafting to approach.
Abstract: Carboxylic acid-terminated polystyrene (PS) of different molecular weights from 4500 to 672 000 was grafted from melt onto silicon substrates modified with a macromolecular anchoring layer. The study was focused on influence of thickness and molecular weight of the layer on the permanent attachment of the end-functionalized PS layers by the “grafting to” approach. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was used to form the reactive anchoring interface. The grafting trends observed and the amount of PS anchored were not significantly affected by the thickness and molecular weight of the anchoring layer, except for the case of lower molecular weight PS (4500 g/mol). The higher grafting in the latter case may be a result of formation of an extremely extended interphase between loops of the adsorbed PGMA and the low molecular weight PS.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacellates (GMA) membrane was prepared by UV-initiated photopolymerization.
TL;DR: Kinetic studies revealed a linear increase in GMA polymer (PGMA) film thickness with reaction time, indicating that chain growth from the surface was a controlled "living" process.
Abstract: Controlled grafting of well-defined epoxide polymer brushes on the hydrogen-terminated Si(100) substrates (Si-H substrates) was carried out via the surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature. Thus, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymer brushes were prepared by ATRP from the alpha-bromoester functionalized Si-H surface. Kinetic studies revealed a linear increase in GMA polymer (PGMA) film thickness with reaction time, indicating that chain growth from the surface was a controlled "living" process. The graft polymerization proceeded more rapidly in the dimethylformamide/water (DMF/H(2)O) mixed solvent medium than in DMF, leading to much thicker PGMA growth on the silicon surface in the former medium. The chemical composition of the GMA graft-polymerized silicon (Si-g-PGMA) surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fact that the epoxide functional groups of the grafted PGMA were preserved quantitatively was revealed in the reaction with ethylenediamine. The "living" character of the PGMA chain end was further ascertained by the subsequent growth of a poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PFS) block from the Si-g-PGMA surface, using the PGMA brushes as the macroinitiators.
TL;DR: In this paper, fine magnetite nanoparticles, both electrostatically stabilized and nonstabilized, were synthesized in situ by precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts in alkaline medium.
Abstract: Fine magnetite nanoparticles, both electrostatically stabilized and nonstabilized, were synthesized in situ by precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts in alkaline medium. Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microspheres with core-shell structure, where Fe3O4 is the magnetic core and PGMA is the shell, were obtained by dispersion polymerization initiated with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), or ammonium persulfate (APS) in ethanol containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or ethylcellulose stabilizer in the presence of iron oxide ferrofluid. The average microsphere size ranged from 100 nm to 2 μm. The effects of the nature of ferrofluid, polymerization temperature, monomer, initiator, and stabilizer concentration on the PGMA particle size and polydispersity were studied. The particles contained 2–24 wt % of iron. AIBN produced larger microspheres than APS or ACVA. Polymers encapsulating electrostatically stabilized iron oxide particles contained lower amounts of oxirane groups compared with those obtained with untreated ferrofluid. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5827–5837, 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the methacrylic monomer, 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate (BPM) was synthesized by reacting 4-hydroxy benzophenone dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with methacetyloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine.
Abstract: The methacrylic monomer, 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate (BPM) was synthesized by reacting 4-hydroxy benzophenone dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The homopolymer and various copolymers of BPM with glycidyl methacrylate were synthesized by free radical polymerization in MEK solution at 70 ± 1 °C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The homopolymer and the copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weight ( M w ¯ and M n ¯ ) and polydispersity indices of the copolymers determined using gel permeation chromatograph suggest that the chain termination by radical recombination was predominant when the mole fraction of GMA was high in the feed. The glass transition temperature of the copolymer increases with increase in BPM content. The thermal stability of the copolymers increases with increases in BPM content. The copolymer composition was determined using 1 H NMR spectra. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross ( r 1 = 1.490; r 2 = 0.824), Kelen–Tudos ( r 1 = 1.411; r 2 = 0.712), Extended Kelen–Tudos ( r 1 = 1.437; r 2 = 0.707) as well as by a non-linear error in variables model (EVM) method using a computer program, RREVM ( r 1 = 1.364; r 2 = 0.69). The copolymer having 56%, 41% and 28% of GMA content were chosen for making adhesives by curing with diethanolamine in choloroform. The cured resins were tested for the adhesion properties on leather–leather bonding at 50 and 90 °C. It was found that the resin cured at 50 °C exhibited maximum peel strength of 0.73, 0.58 and 0.30 N/mm, respectively, revealing a good adhesive behaviour.
TL;DR: Porous poly(EDMA-GMA) monolith was obtained by the bulk polymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and glycidyl methacrylated (GMA), conducted in a glass tube as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Porous monolith was obtained by the bulk polymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) conducted in a glass tube Poly(EDMA-GMA) monolith had a specific surface area of 987 m2/g Poly(EDMA-GMA) monolith was characterized by swelling studies, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis Poly(EDMA-GMA) monolith with a swelling ratio of 48%, and containing 457 μmol Cibacron Blue F3GA/g, were used in the adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin (HSA) from aqueous solutions and human plasma The nonspecific adsorption of HSA was very low (08 mg/g) The maximum amount of HSA adsorption from aqueous solution in phosphate buffer was 22 mg/g at pH 50 Higher HSA adsorption value was obtained from human plasma (up to 532 mg/g) with a purity of 92% Desorption of HSA from Cibacron Blue F3GA-attached poly(EDMA-GMA) monolith was obtained using 01 M Tris/HCl buffer containing 05 M NaCl It was observed that HSA could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with p
TL;DR: In this paper, the enzyme was immobilized onto polyethyleneimide (PEI) grafted poly(HEMA-co-GMA-1-5)-PEI membranes.
TL;DR: Rubber wood was impregnated with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as the crosslinking monomer, and the polymerization was accomplished by catalyst heat treatment.
Abstract: Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) was impregnated with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as the crosslinking monomer. After impregnation, the polymerization was accomplished by catalyst heat treatment. Water uptake (%) and water vapor exclusion (%) of the rubber wood were found to be improved on treatment. Dimensional stability expressed in terms of volumetric swelling in water vapor (90% relative humidity) as well as in liquid water and water repellent effectiveness (WRE) of the treated samples were determined and also found to be improved. The wood–polymer interaction was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of untreated and treated wood samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and an improvement in thermal stability was observed for the wood–polymer composites. The improvement in properties observed as more with styrene–GMA (1:1) combination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1938–1945, 2004
TL;DR: The homogeneous controlled/living free radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by ATRP using Cu(I)X/N-alkyl-2-pyridylmethanimine complexes is described in this article.
Abstract: The homogeneous controlled/“living” free radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using Cu(I)X/N-alkyl-2-pyridylmethanimine complexes wit...
TL;DR: In this article, a cation exchange adsorbent based on polypropylene nonwoven fabric carrying sulfonate functional groups was synthesized by radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with subsequent chemical modification of the epoxy groups of poly-GMA graft chains with sodium hydrogensulfite in water-dimethylformamide solution at 70 °C.
Abstract: Cation-exchange adsorbent based on polypropylene nonwoven fabric carrying sulfonate functional groups was synthesized by radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with subsequent chemical modification of the epoxy groups of poly-GMA graft chains with sodium hydrogensulfite in water–dimethylformamide solution at 70 °C. The effect of various polymerization parameters on the GMA grafting degree as well as experimental conditions for the effective incorporation of sulfonate groups were investigated. The conversion of the epoxy groups into the functional groups was investigated as a function of the degree of GMA grafting. The ion-exchange characteristics of the resultant cation-exchange adsorbent were determined.
TL;DR: In this article, a photoreactive homo-and copolymers containing pendant chlorocinnamoyl moieties were respectively synthesized by homopolymerization of corresponding acrylic monomer and copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate.
TL;DR: Electrostatically stabilized colloidal magnetite (ferrofluid) should be used in the design of new magnetic methacrylate-based microspheres by dispersion polymerization because of the suitability of their application in PCR.
TL;DR: Good stability, linearity, and reproducibility were obtained and this M‐IPG can be repeatedly used after its preparation, due to the covalent attachment of the CAs.
Abstract: Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) were used to synthesize a monolithic capillary column containing reactive epoxy groups. Glutaraldehyde was introduced and linked to the monolith after a process of amination. An aqueous solution of commercial carrier ampholytes (CAs, Ampholine) was focused in such a polymer column. The primary amino groups of CAs reacted with glutaraldehyde along the capillary. CAs were immobilized at different positions in the column according to their isoelectric points (pI), resulting in a monolithic immobilized pH gradient (M-IPG). Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed without CAs in such an M-IPG column. Due to the covalent attachment of the CAs this M-IPG can be repeatedly used after its preparation. Good stability, linearity, and reproducibility were obtained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of making monodisperse latices of relatively high solids content (similar to 30-50 wt %) in a one-step batch process was evaluated.
Abstract: Surfactant-free emulsion copolymerizations of styrene (St) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and styrene (St) with methacrylic acid (MAA), initiated by either potassium or ammonium persulfate, have been carried out to assess the possibility of making monodisperse latices of relatively high solids content (similar to30-50 wt %) in a one-step batch process Evaluation of the effect of the functional comonomer content in the range 2-40 wt % and the latex solids content in the range 2-33 wt % has allowed identification of compositions which do indeed allow monodisperse particles to be prepared at solid contents up to 33 wt % in a one-pot process In addition, a monodisperse sample with both epoxy and carboxylic acid functionalities has been successfully prepared at 33 wt % solids contents
TL;DR: In this article, a polystyrene/silica core-shell composite nanoparticles were prepared by the postaddition of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) via emulsion polymerization.
Abstract: Epoxy-functionalized polystyrene/silica core–shell composite nanoparticles were prepared by the postaddition of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) via emulsion polymerization. The outermost shell of obtained multilayered core–shell particles was made up of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA). A semicontinuous process involving the dropwise addition of GMA was used to avoid demulsification of the emulsion system. The amount of grafted PGMA was quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and was altered in a wide range (1–50 wt % to styrene). The binding efficiency was usually high (ca. 90%), indicating strong adhesion between the silica core and the polymer shell. There were approximately four or five original silica beads, which formed a cluster, per composite of nanoparticles whose size was about 60–70 nm. Other main factors of polymerization conditions including the amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfonate and silica are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2253–2262, 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the type and concentration of compatibilizer, as well as the mixing conditions on the morphology, crystallization behavior, thermal stability, rheological, and dynamic-mechanical properties of the blends was investigated.
Abstract: Results concerning the compatibilization and the chemical-physical characterisation of blends of PET and polyolefins (HDPE, PP) obtained from postconsumer packaging materials are presented. The blend compatibilization was carried out by melt mixing and extrusion processes in the presence of a variety of polyolefins functionalized with reactive groups, such as maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, and glycidyl methacrylate. The effect of the type and concentration of compatibilizer, as well as the mixing conditions on the morphology, crystallization behavior, thermal stability, rheological, and dynamic-mechanical properties of the blends was investigated by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, rheometry, differential calorimetry, thermogravimetry, FTIR, NMR, and mechanical analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the surface of alkyl nano-SiC was carried out, resulting in composite particles with SiC core and polymeric shell.
Abstract: To improve the tribological performance of nano-SiC particles filled epoxy composites, surface modification of the fillers is necessary. By means of soapless emulsion polymerization method, graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the surface of alkyl nano-SiC was carried out, resulting in composite particles with SiC core and polymeric shell in which polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) is chemically attached to the nanoparticles by the double bonds introduced during the pretreatment with a coupling agent. By analyzing the reaction mechanism, the emulsion polymerization loci were found to be situated at the SiC surface. Also, the factors affecting the grafting yielding of PGMA on the particles were investigated, including monomer concentration, initiator consumption, reaction temperature, reaction time, etc. Accordingly, an optimum grafting reaction condition was determined. It was shown that the grafted nanoparticles exhibit greatly improved dispersibility in good solvent for the grafting polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3842–3852, 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the homopolymer and copolymers of BCPA with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) having different compositions were synthesized in methyl ethyl ketone using benzoyl peroxide as a free-radical initiator at 70 ± 1°C.
Abstract: 4-Benzyloxycarbonylphenyl acrylate (BCPA) was prepared by reacting benzyl-4-hydroxy benzoate dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone with acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The homopolymer and copolymers of BCPA with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) having different compositions were synthesized in methyl ethyl ketone using benzoyl peroxide as a free-radical initiator at 70 ± 1°C. All the polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various polar and nonpolar solvents. The molecular weights (Mw and Mn) and polydispersity indices of the polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatography. The glass-transition temperatures of the copolymers increased with increasing GMA content in the copolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers performed in air showed that the thermal stability of the copolymer increased with increasing BCPA content. Copolymer compositions were determined using 1H-NMR analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross (r1 = 0.5237; r2 = 1.9646), Kelen–Tudos (r1 = 0.4996; r2 = 1.8741), and extended Kelen–Tudos (r1 = 0.4652; r2 = 1.9046) as well as a nonlinear error-in-variables model (EVM) method, using the computer program RREVM (r1 = 0.4644; r2 = 1.8324). The peel strength of the leather adhesives prepared from the copolymers was also determined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3604–3612, 2004