Showing papers on "Kerr effect published in 1979"
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the boundary between a linear and a nonlinear medium should have a reflection coefficient which exhibits hysteresis as a function of optical intensity, and the first experimental evidence of this effect is presented.
Abstract: Under suitable conditions, the boundary between a linear and a nonlinear (Kerr effect) medium should have a reflection coefficient which exhibits hysteresis as a function of optical intensity. We present the first experimental evidence of this effect. Experiments were performed using ∼1‐ns ruby laser pulses incident on a glass‐CS2 boundary.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic behavior of a nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferrometer filled with a Kerr medium was studied theoretically and experimentally, and it was shown that the quasi-steady state operation requires not only a medium response time much smaller than the cavity roundtrip time, but also a characteristic time of the input intensity variation several hundred times larger than the cavitation round-trip time.
Abstract: We have studied theoretically and experimentally the dynamic behavior of a nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferrometer filled with a Kerr medium. The Fabry-Perot responses ranging from extremely transient to quasi-steady-state in various modes of operation are considered. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theory. It is shown that the quasi-steady-state operation requires not only a medium response time much smaller than the cavity round-trip time, but also a characteristic time of the input intensity variation several hundred times larger than the cavity round-trip time. Even in the quasi-steady-state limit, optical switching is often featured by overshoot and ringing after switching. The switching speed is limited by the cavity buildup time.
108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dielectric behavior of binary mixtures in the vicinity of a consolute critical point was investigated. And the results showed that along the critical isochore, one may expect the static permittivity eE(T) to remain finite but to exhibit a cusp, whereas the nonlinear dielectrics effect, the Kerr effect, and the Cotton-Mouton effect all diverged strongly with the universal exponent Ψ=2γ−dν.
Abstract: We present here some further developments of the droplet model recently proposed by Oxtoby, which appears quite suitable for an extensive phenomenological analysis of the dielectric behavior of binary mixtures in the vicinity of a consolute critical point. Along the critical isochore, one may expect the static permittivity eE(T) to remain finite but to exhibit a cusp, whereas the nonlinear dielectric effect, the Kerr effect, and the Cotton–Mouton effect all are predicted to diverge strongly with the universal exponent Ψ=2γ−dν. These predictions are supported by recent experimental evidence.
81 citations
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this article, an instrument for the measurement of electric dichroism and birefringence on suspensions of Absorbing Particles was presented. But the instrument was used to measure the effect of light scattering in an electric field.
Abstract: Theoretical Advances.- Specific Kerr Constants of Rigid, Ellipsoidal Macromolecules in Conducting Solution at Very Low Ionic Strength.- Transient Electric Birefringence of Macromolecular Solutions at Reversing Fields of Arbitrary Strength and Duration.- The Limit of the Numerical Method of Inverting the Laplace Transformation and the Uniqueness of Relaxation Distribution Function Obtained by the Method.- Low Angle Approximations to the Theory of Alternating Electric Field Light Scattering.- A Theory of Dynamic Light-Scattering by Flexible Macromolecules in a Fluctuating Electric Field.- Electro-Optical Responses of Chiral Substances.- Absorption Phenomena.- An Instrument for the Measurement of Electric Dichroism.- Simultaneous Measurement of Dichroism and Birefringence on Suspensions of Absorbing Particles.- Electric Dichroism of Purple Membrane.- Electrochromism of Organic Dyes in Polymer Matrices.- Electrically Induced Fluorescence Changes from Solutions of Dye Tagged Polyribonucleotides.- Polarized Fluorescence in an Electric Field: Theoretical Calculation at Arbitrary Fields. Experimental Comparison with Other Electrooptical Effects. Saturation of the Induced Dipole Moment in Polyelectrolytes.- Nucleic Acids and Polynucleotides.- Dielectric Properties of Low-Molecular Weight DNA in Aqueous Solutions at Low Ionic Strength.- Electro-Optic Measurement of ?-ray Induced Damage in DNA.- Physical Studies of Hg(ll) and Ag(l) DNA Complexes - Theory.- Electric-Field Induced Orientation of Polynucleotides.- The Stabilized Induced Dipole in Solutions of Polynucleotides.- Biological Systems.- Electro-Optical Properties of Nucleosomes and Nucleosomal DNA.- Polarisability Anisotropy as an Indicator of the Effects of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics on Sensitive, Dependent and Resistant Strains of E. coli.- Rotational Diffusion Coefficients of Complex Macromolecules.- Determination of Rotational Diffusion Coefficients of the Bacteriophages T4B and T7 by Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering. The Influence of Double Scattering.- Effects of Calcium and ATP on the Conformation of F-Actin in Vivo and In Vitro.- Electric Birefringence of Cartilage Proteoglycan and its Association with Hyaluronic Acid.- An Electrical Birefringence Study of the Contribution of Permanent and Induced Dipole Moments to Acid-Soluble Collagen Polarization.- Polyelectrolytes and Polymers.- Electro-Optical Changes in Biopolymers - Chemical and Rotational Contributions.- Reversal of Birefringence Sign of Natural and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes in the Presence of Metal Cations and Coordination Complexes.- Electro-Optic Study of the Conformational Changes Induced in Partially Charged Poly-4-Vinylpyridine by Ions of Heavy Metals.- Kerr Constants of Naturally-Occurring ?-Amino Acids in Aqueous Solution.- A Bridge Method for Measuring the Dielectric Relaxation of Conducting Solutions.- Photoconductivity and Dielectric Properties of Polyhexamethylene Adipamide.- Colloidal Systems.- Electro-Optic Studies of Colloids and their Stability.- Size Distributions of Rigid Colloids from Transient Birefringence Data.- Length Dependence of the Ionic Contribution to the Anisotropy of the Electrical Polarisability for Rigid Rods.- Flow Alignment of a Colloidal Solution Which Can Undergo a Transition from the Isotropic to the Nematic Phase (Liquid Crystal).- Quasi-Crystals Produced By Colloidal Photochrome Dyes in an Applied Electric Field.- Effect of CTAB on Colloidal Suspensions of Sepiolite - A Study by Light Scattering, Electric Birefringence, Laser Line Broadening and Electrophoretic Light Scattering.- Laser and High Field Effects.- Some Evidences for a Conformational Change of Polypeptide Induced by Strong Electric Fields.- Nonlinear Dielectric Effect of PBLG in Nonpolar Medium.- Laser and Electric Field Induced Kerr Effect Studies on Nematic Liquid Crystals.- Slow Non-Critical Molecular Reorientation in the Isotropic Phases of Nematogens.- A Comparison of Optico-Optical Scattering and Birefringence Measurements on Wyoming Sodium Bentonite Suspensions.- Laser Photoinduced Changes in the High Frequency Dielectric Constant of Chloroplasts and Dyes.- Relation Between Electric Field-Induced Optical Rectification and Electro-Optic Kerr Effect in Macromolecular Solutions.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single crystal films of CrO2 were obtained by the thermal decomposition of gaseous CrO3 onto the substrates of rutile single crystals in air.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the second and third Kerr virial coefficients, B K and C K, of spherical top molecules in terms of irreducible cluster polarizabilities, and values are calculated using the dipole-induced dipole model for argon, krypton, xenon, methane, tetrafluoromethane, neopentane and sulphur hexafluoride.
Abstract: Expressions are derived for the second and third Kerr virial coefficients, B K and C K, of spherical top molecules in terms of irreducible cluster polarizabilities, and values are calculated using the dipole-induced dipole model for argon, krypton, xenon, methane, tetrafluoromethane, neopentane and sulphur hexafluoride. For mixtures of rare gases it is shown that the collision-induced dipole moment makes a negligible contribution to B K. The effect of the choice of intermolecular potential function on the calculated second Kerr virial coefficients is also demonstrated. It is found that the predominant contributions to C K arise from the pair polarizability, and that the triplet polarizability is only of minor importance.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus is described to measure the Kerr constant of conducting as well as nonconducting liquids and solutions using highvoltage pulses of short duration (1.5 μs) applied across the Kerr cell and the resultant birefringence is measured by a novel signal nulling technique.
Abstract: An apparatus is described to measure the Kerr constant of conducting as well as non-conducting liquids and solutions. High-voltage pulses of short duration (1.5 μs) are applied across the Kerr cell and the resultant birefringence is measured by a novel signal-nulling technique. New expressions are derived for the null conditions for an optically active birefringent medium. Results are presented at 633 nm and 293 K for water, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol. The Kerr constant of water (3.0 × 10-14 m V-2) was in good agreement with recent determinations.
39 citations
TL;DR: With the help of the optical Kerr effect, the authors can produce phase fluctuations caused by intensity fluctuations, and they present an exact solution in the Heisenberg picture, which can produce enhanced bunching as well as antibunching of weak fields.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the transient Kerr effect relaxation is treated taking contributions from both permanent and induced dipoles into account with a view to obtaining exact expressions for the electric birefringence following the sudden application of a unidirectional electric field based on the rotational Smoluchowkski equation for a symmetrical body.
Abstract: The transient Kerr‐effect relaxation is treated taking contributions from both permanent and induced dipoles into account with a view to obtaining exact expressions for the electric birefringence following the sudden application of a unidirectional electric field based on the rotational Smoluchowkski equation for a symmetrical body. As a special case (i) where the contribution from the induced dipole is ignored, the Laplace transform of the electric birefringence is obtained exactly in terms of a continued fraction. At the same time, the electric birefringence at a very high field is expressed in terms of a hypergeometric function as an explicit function of the time. Also, in the case (iii) where the contribution from the permanent dipole is neglected, we obtain an exact expression for the Laplace transform of the electric birefringence in terms of a continued fraction. In both cases (i) and (ii), effective relaxation times are expressed theoretically as an explicit function of the applied electric field. Further, the static birefringence for cases (i) and (ii) are calculated by means of continued fractions.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, experimental and theoretical results of the determination of the quadratic electro-optic coefficients in noncentrosymmetric KDP and KD2PO4 monocrystals are presented.
Abstract: Experimental and theoretical results of the determination of the quadratic electro-optic coefficients in noncentrosymmetric KH2PO4(KDP) and KD2PO4(DKDP) monocrystals are presented. The coefficientRc=R1122-R1111 for the X-cut crystals has been measured by a dynamic method in the a.c. electric field. The theoretical value of the coefficient has been calculated by the Kurtz-Robinson model. It has been found that the coefficientRc was less than 10×10−20m2V−2.
TL;DR: This work has studied the characteristics of a nonlinear Fabry–Perot filled with Kerr liquids CS2 and nitrobenzene and found excellent agreement between theory and experiment.
Abstract: We have studied the characteristics of a nonlinear Fabry–Perot filled with Kerr liquids CS2 and nitrobenzene and found excellent agreement between theory and experiment. The transient behavior due to cavity-field buildup is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, coherent Raman-induced Kerr effect was used to obtain the Brillouin spectrum of CS2 for acoustic phonon excitations, where the nonlinear polarization in this case is so large that the effects of Stokes gain and anti-Stokes loss must be included in the theoretical interpretation of the spectrum.
Abstract: We have established the viability of coherent Raman techniques in the study of acoustic phonon excitations. Using the Raman‐induced Kerr effect scheme, we have obtained the Brillouin spectrum of CS2. The nonlinear polarization in this case is so large that the effects of Stokes gain and anti‐Stokes loss must be included in the theoretical interpretation of the spectrum.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used group dipole interaction theory to calculate polarizabiltiy tensors and Kerr constants at 589.3 nm and π-π* transition wavelengths, oscillator strength, and polarization vectors for eight amides (formamide, acetamide, Nmethylformamide and Nmethylacetamide).
Abstract: Group dipole interaction theory is used to calculate polarizabiltiy tensors and Kerr constants at 589.3 nm and π–π* transition wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and polarization vectors for eight amides (formamide, acetamide, N‐methylformamide, N‐methylacetamide, N‐t‐butylformamide, N‐t‐butylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and N,N‐dimethylacetamide). The polarizability tensor of the NC′O group is optimized to fit selected mean polarizabilities, anisotropies, and Kerr constants at 589.3 nm. The wavelength, oscillator strength, and polarization vector of the π–π* transition in the isolated NC′O group are optimized to fit selected molecular absorption wavelengths and oscillator strengths. Somewhat different NC′O parameters are found for locations of the polarizability at the NC′O mass center and the NC′ bond center. The molecular properties predicted with the mass‐centered parameters give a better overall fit to molecular properties at 589.3 nm, but the bond‐centered parameters lead to better Kerr constants and π–π* transition wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and polarizations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Bitter solution observations and small-spot Kerr effect measurements to study the response of 100×12×0.3 permalloy bars to applied fields that exceed the range of linear response.
Abstract: Bitter solution observations and small‐spot Kerr effect measurements have been used to study the response of 100×12×0.3 μm permalloy bars to applied fields that exceed the range of linear response. Bitter patterns showed that a uniform applied field of sufficient strength saturates the center part of the bar by displacing a domain wall to the side of the bar. After reducing the field below its saturation value, remanent magnetization is maintained by a ’’zig‐zag’’ domain structure. The original domain pattern returns only at a certain lower value of applied field. An interpretation of the zig‐zag pattern is given. The polar effect was used to detect the annihilation and reappearance of Bloch walls in two sets of specimens, in response to similar sequences of applied fields. Differences in the measured renucleation field are attributed to edge effects. As a matter of further interest, the positive or negative polarity of a Bloch wall was found to be correlated with the CW or CCW orientation of the domain structure of the I‐bar.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the limitations of two-photon-resonant frequency up-conversion due to quadratic Kerr effect, twophoton absorption, and Raman scattering.
Abstract: This paper considers the limitations of (near) two-photon-resonant frequency up-conversion due to quadratic Kerr effect, two-photon absorption, and Raman scattering. These processes, which are intimately tied to the four-wave mixing process, limit the efficiency and/or the pulse length due to breaking of phase-matching, attenuation, and (de)focusing. General expressions are derived for the limits on the efficiency and the pulse length resulting from these processes. The results of the theoretical analysis are applied to three examples of great practical interest; i.e., tripling of the CO 2 laser in liquid CO, mixing of IR photons using vibrational nonlinearities, and IR image up-conversion in alkali metal vapors. Several new, important properties of these systems are derived.
TL;DR: In this article, the second and third Kerr virial coefficients, B K and C K, of spherical top molecules in terms of irreducible cluster polarizabilities, and values are calculated using the dipole-induced dipole model for argon, krypton, xenon, methane, tetrafluoromethane, neopentane and sulphur hexafluoride.
Abstract: Expressions are derived for the second and third Kerr virial coefficients, B K and C K, of spherical top molecules in terms of irreducible cluster polarizabilities, and values are calculated using the dipole-induced dipole model for argon, krypton, xenon, methane, tetrafluoromethane, neopentane and sulphur hexafluoride. For mixtures of rare gases it is shown that the collision-induced dipole moment makes a negligible contribution to B K. The effect of the choice of intermolecular potential function on the calculated second Kerr virial coefficients is also demonstrated. It is found that the predominant contributions to C K arise from the pair polarizability, and that the triplet polarizability is only of minor importance.
TL;DR: A conventional PCSA ellipsometer has been used to measure the transverse Kerr magnetooptic effect and the ellipsometric psi and Delta were determined and the material quantities n and Q could be calculated.
Abstract: A conventional PCSA ellipsometer has been used to measure the transverse Kerr magnetooptic effect. The ellipsometer null was first obtained, and the ellipsometric psi and Delta were determined from this measurement. Then measurements were made as a function of polarizer angle while A =+/-o. The magnetic field applied to the sample was square wave modulated, and both the dc and the modulated light intensities were measured. dI/I was a linear function of cos/(1 +/- sinO), where o = Delta - 2P. The ordinate intercept and the slope of the resulting straight line were the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of dr(p)/r(p). From psi, Delta, and dr(p)/r(p) the material quantities n and Q could be calculated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kerr coefficient of nitrobenzene was measured over the temperature range 285 −340 K. To within experimental error, the data indicate that the Kerr coefficients can be expressed as a quadratic function of reciprocal temperature, which can be used to correct the response of a pulsevoltage measuring system based on the Kerr effect for variations in the ambient temperature.
Abstract: The Kerr coefficient of nitrobenzene was measured over the temperature range 285–340 K. To within experimental error, the data indicate that the Kerr coefficient can be expressed as a quadratic function of reciprocal temperature. Fitting the data to this quadratic function yields an equation which can be used to correct the response of a pulse‐voltage measuring system based on the Kerr effect for variations in the ambient temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relation of the Kerr effect to depolarized Rayleigh scattering was investigated and it was shown that the effect is independent of the wavelength of the Rayleigh wavelet.
Abstract: (1979). The relation of the Kerr effect to depolarized Rayleigh scattering. Molecular Physics: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 1643-1647.
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient ac Kerr switch for the transfer of temporal pulse shapes between the visible and infrared spectral regions has been constructed using liquid O2. Employing group velocity matching techniques, this switch, which is applicable throughout the infrared, has ultimate switching speeds of 0.1-0.3 ps.
Abstract: An efficient ac Kerr switch for the transfer of temporal pulse shapes between the visible and infrared spectral regions has been constructed using liquid O2. Employing group velocity matching techniques, this switch, which is applicable throughout the infrared, has ultimate switching speeds of 0.1–0.3 ps.
TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical molecular Kerr constants of eleven alkyl amides (related to formamide, acetamide and propionamide), calculated using bond polarisabilities and solution dipole moments, are compared with infinite dilution molecular Kerr constant determined in 1,4-dioxan at 298 K.
Abstract: The theoretical molecular Kerr constants of eleven alkyl amides (related to formamide, acetamide and propionamide), calculated using bond polarisabilities and solution dipole moments, are compared with infinite dilution molecular Kerr constants determined in 1,4-dioxan at 298 K. Kerr effect data are also presented for several alkyl amides in solution in benzene, cyclohexane and water at 298 K. Theoretical molecular Kerr constants were found to be directly proportional to the corresponding experimental molecular Kerr constants measured in 1,4-dioxan. The optical polarisability tensors, associated with carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen single bonds and with carbon–hydrogen bonds of the amide alkyl groups, are not significantly changed in going from a dioxan to a water environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kerr constant for the system 3-phenylpropanol(l) near the critical point of solubility has been measured with a pulse method, and the critical exponent α ≈ 1.01 ± 0.1 coincides with that observed for the isotropic liquid- nematic liquid transition.
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved geometry for nonlinear spectroscopy experiments is proposed and demonstrated with the Raman-induced Kerr effect, which utilizes the nonreciprocal rotation of linearly polarized light in a Faraday rotator to manipulate the pump, probe, and signal beams.
Abstract: An improved geometry for nonlinear spectroscopy experiments is proposed and demonstrated with the Raman‐induced Kerr effect. The new scheme utilizes the nonreciprocal rotation of linearly polarized light in a Faraday rotator to manipulate the pump, probe, and signal beams. Complete collinear overlap of the interacting laser beams is conveniently achieved, with 100% of the nonlinearly generated signal incident on the detector. The sensitivity is consequently maximized.
TL;DR: A Kerr cell has been constructed which can be used to study the Kerr effect in liquids from room temperature down to 77 K, and measurements on liquid carbon disulfide, between 170 and 300 K, are discussed.
Abstract: A Kerr cell has been constructed which can be used to study the Kerr effect in liquids from room temperature down to 77 K. At low temperatures, the cell windows are free of moisture. The cell has been tested and measurements on liquid carbon disulfide, between 170 and 300 K, are discussed.
TL;DR: Oscillatory Kerr profile in time was observed in nitrobenzene using intense picosecond optical excitation, which can be used to measure the molecular relaxation time and nonlinear index of refraction as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the Senarmont method was used to determine the intrinsic phase retardation associated with the electro-optical Kerr effect of optically active liquids in carbon tetrachloride.
Abstract: The electro-optical Kerr effect of optically active liquids has been studied theoretically, applying the lamellar model of Jones, and experimentally, by measurement of the solution Kerr constant B12 of a series of solutions of d-and dl-camphor in carbon tetrachloride. Equations are presented which allow the intrinsic phase retardation, δ, associated with the Kerr effect to be determined using the Senarmont method in conjunction with either dc or pulsed electric fields. The method of determining δ, using pulsed electric fields is particularly useful for solutions having an appreciable electrical conductivity. The time-dependent behaviour of a relaxing system, measured using quadratic detection of the optical transient resulting from the application of a pulsed rectangular electric field, is predicted to be essentially unaffected by optical activity over a wide range of δ and optical rotation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetization behavior of iron whiskers in de magnetic fields has been investigated using the enhanced longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect, and the experimental results were compared with the phenomenological membrane model and also with magneto static calculations.
Abstract: The magnetization behaviour of iron whiskers in de magnetic fields has been investigated using the enhanced longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect [6]. The experimental results were compared with the phenomenological membrane model [1] and also with magneto static calculations.
TL;DR: In this article, single-crystal Fe frames have been investigated for use as a ferromagnetic backing in transient magnetic field experiments, and the results showed that the singlecrystal backings are satisfactory after extended periods of heavy ion bombardment.